Summary VHA notes Flashcards
What types of cells are found in the DRG?
pseudounipolar
What types of cells are in autonomic ganglia and CNS?
multipolar cells
What does the DRG contain?
sensory nerves
White matter vs. gray matter on spinal cord
White matter = myelinated axons
Gray matter = motor neurons
Path of a sensory reflex
sensory nerve synapses in DRG
then interneuron travels to gray matter of spinal cord where motor neurons are
then motor neuron illicits action
If there is no myelin in the white matter of spinal cord, this indicates …
MS
What is the perineurin made of?
connective tissue
Nuclei seen on cross section in PNS nerves are
Schwann cells
What type of nerves are in autonomic ganglion?
motor neurons
T1 MRI
bright white = fat
T2 MRI
bight white = fat and water
FLAIR procedure
removes CSF from MRI
TR
repetion time = amount of time between successive pulses of MRI
TE
time to echo
What contrast is used to show blood flow in MRI?
Gadolinium
What stains more brightly with Gadolinium?
cancers
since they uptake a lot of blood, they will uptake a lot of the contrast
How can you determine stroke on MRI?
use diffusion
Reabsorption vs. secretion
Reabsorption = tubule to blood
Secretion = blood to tubule
Where are distal tubules found?
at the vascular pole
Where are proximal tubules found?
near the urinary pole
Macula densa
at the distal tubules
secrete renin
mesangial cells
between the vascular pole and distal tubule
closer to vascular pole than macula densa
Fluid flow through nephron
1) proximal tubule 2) loop of Henle 3) distal tubule 4) collecting duct
Kupffer cells
macrophages in the liver
Blood flow to liver
75% of blood is deoxygenated from portal vein
25% of blood is oxygenated from hepatic artery
Are binucleated cells normal in liver?
yes
What portion of sarcomere doesn’t contract?
the A-band
Skeletal muscle features
striated and multinucleated on periphery
Cardiac muscle features
central nuclei
intercalated discs and Lf pigment
branching
Smooth muscle
non-striated with central nuclei
What is media made of?
mostly smooth muscle
What is intima made of?
endothelium
What is adventitia made of?
connective tissue
What portion of arteries is normally thicker than veins?
Media (smooth muscle thicker)
Serous
clear discharge
involves exudate that is protein rich but cell poor
Purulent
pus discharge
caused by liquefactive necrosis
reflects collections of neutrophils / cellular debris
How does transduate form?
increased pressure causes edema
seen more in chronic inflammation
Neutrophil nucleus
multilobed
seen in acute inflammation
Steps of neutrophil recruitment
margination, rolling, adhesion and migration through endothelium
Fibrinous inflammation appearance
rough, shaggy appearance due to accumulation of fibrin
Are ulcers acute or chronic?
mix of both!
What do giant cells indicate?
granuloma
(multi-nuclei, collection of macrophages)
What type of inflammation makes an exudate?
purulent
Cell-free exudate is seen in …
serous
Blistering indicates …
serous
What mediates the rolling phase of leukocyte recruitment?
selectins
What mediates the adhesion phase of leukocyte recruitment?
integrins
What causes exudate to form? What factor helps this?
endothelial cell contraction
histamine is actually important for this
What type of cells are important for angiogenesis?
macrophages
M1 macrophage activation
mediated by TNF-a and IL-17 also IFN-y and LPS
pro-inflammatory
M2 macrophage activation
mediated by IL-13 and IL-4
anti-inflammatory
What are striations in muscle associated with?
myofibrils
How can you tell the difference between PNS nerves and connective tissue?
nerves will look VERY WAVY
Where are motor neurons in the spinal cord?
in the ventral horn
looks like gray matter
What does Nissl stain?
RER
Which cells actually have a lot of RER and stain by Nissl?
neurons
What portion of nervous system are autonomic ganglia in?
peripheral nervous system
Do macula densa have a brush border?
no
