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Fundamentals 2 > Summary VHA notes > Flashcards

Summary VHA notes Flashcards

1
Q

What types of cells are found in the DRG?

A

pseudounipolar

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2
Q

What types of cells are in autonomic ganglia and CNS?

A

multipolar cells

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3
Q

What does the DRG contain?

A

sensory nerves

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4
Q

White matter vs. gray matter on spinal cord

A

White matter = myelinated axons

Gray matter = motor neurons

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5
Q

Path of a sensory reflex

A

sensory nerve synapses in DRG

then interneuron travels to gray matter of spinal cord where motor neurons are

then motor neuron illicits action

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6
Q

If there is no myelin in the white matter of spinal cord, this indicates …

A

MS

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7
Q

What is the perineurin made of?

A

connective tissue

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8
Q

Nuclei seen on cross section in PNS nerves are

A

Schwann cells

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9
Q

What type of nerves are in autonomic ganglion?

A

motor neurons

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10
Q

T1 MRI

A

bright white = fat

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11
Q

T2 MRI

A

bight white = fat and water

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12
Q

FLAIR procedure

A

removes CSF from MRI

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13
Q

TR

A

repetion time = amount of time between successive pulses of MRI

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14
Q

TE

A

time to echo

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15
Q

What contrast is used to show blood flow in MRI?

A

Gadolinium

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16
Q

What stains more brightly with Gadolinium?

A

cancers

since they uptake a lot of blood, they will uptake a lot of the contrast

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17
Q

How can you determine stroke on MRI?

A

use diffusion

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18
Q

Reabsorption vs. secretion

A

Reabsorption = tubule to blood

Secretion = blood to tubule

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19
Q

Where are distal tubules found?

A

at the vascular pole

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20
Q

Where are proximal tubules found?

A

near the urinary pole

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21
Q

Macula densa

A

at the distal tubules

secrete renin

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22
Q

mesangial cells

A

between the vascular pole and distal tubule

closer to vascular pole than macula densa

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23
Q

Fluid flow through nephron

A

1) proximal tubule 2) loop of Henle 3) distal tubule 4) collecting duct

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24
Q

Kupffer cells

A

macrophages in the liver

25
Q

Blood flow to liver

A

75% of blood is deoxygenated from portal vein

25% of blood is oxygenated from hepatic artery

26
Q

Are binucleated cells normal in liver?

A

yes

27
Q

What portion of sarcomere doesn’t contract?

A

the A-band

28
Q

Skeletal muscle features

A

striated and multinucleated on periphery

29
Q

Cardiac muscle features

A

central nuclei

intercalated discs and Lf pigment

branching

30
Q

Smooth muscle

A

non-striated with central nuclei

31
Q

What is media made of?

A

mostly smooth muscle

32
Q

What is intima made of?

A

endothelium

33
Q

What is adventitia made of?

A

connective tissue

34
Q

What portion of arteries is normally thicker than veins?

A

Media (smooth muscle thicker)

35
Q

Serous

A

clear discharge

involves exudate that is protein rich but cell poor

36
Q

Purulent

A

pus discharge

caused by liquefactive necrosis

reflects collections of neutrophils / cellular debris

37
Q

How does transduate form?

A

increased pressure causes edema

seen more in chronic inflammation

38
Q

Neutrophil nucleus

A

multilobed

seen in acute inflammation

39
Q

Steps of neutrophil recruitment

A

margination, rolling, adhesion and migration through endothelium

40
Q

Fibrinous inflammation appearance

A

rough, shaggy appearance due to accumulation of fibrin

41
Q

Are ulcers acute or chronic?

A

mix of both!

42
Q

What do giant cells indicate?

A

granuloma

(multi-nuclei, collection of macrophages)

43
Q

What type of inflammation makes an exudate?

A

purulent

44
Q

Cell-free exudate is seen in …

A

serous

45
Q

Blistering indicates …

A

serous

46
Q

What mediates the rolling phase of leukocyte recruitment?

A

selectins

47
Q

What mediates the adhesion phase of leukocyte recruitment?

A

integrins

48
Q

What causes exudate to form? What factor helps this?

A

endothelial cell contraction

histamine is actually important for this

49
Q

What type of cells are important for angiogenesis?

A

macrophages

50
Q

M1 macrophage activation

A

mediated by TNF-a and IL-17 also IFN-y and LPS

pro-inflammatory

51
Q

M2 macrophage activation

A

mediated by IL-13 and IL-4

anti-inflammatory

52
Q

What are striations in muscle associated with?

A

myofibrils

53
Q

How can you tell the difference between PNS nerves and connective tissue?

A

nerves will look VERY WAVY

54
Q

Where are motor neurons in the spinal cord?

A

in the ventral horn

looks like gray matter

55
Q

What does Nissl stain?

A

RER

56
Q

Which cells actually have a lot of RER and stain by Nissl?

A

neurons

57
Q

What portion of nervous system are autonomic ganglia in?

A

peripheral nervous system

58
Q

Do macula densa have a brush border?

A

no

59
Q
A

Fundamentals 2 (30 decks)

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