Renal + Hepatic VHA

Question 1

reabsorption

Answer 1

refers to tubule to blood direction

Question 2

secretion

Answer 2

refers to blood to tubule direction

Question 3

Which arteriole goes towards the glomerulus?

Answer 3

afferent arteriole

brings blood to the glomerulus

Question 4

fluid flow through nephron tubules (4)

Answer 4

1) proximal tubule

2) loop of henle

3) distal tubule

4) collecting duct

Question 5

What epithelial lines Bowman’s capsule?

Answer 5

simpel squamous epithelium

Question 6

Bowman’s space

Answer 6

between glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule

Question 7

How can you determine vascular pole?

Answer 7

there should 2 two arterioles

Question 8

Where are proximal tubules found?

Answer 8

more near the urinary tract

Question 9

What covers the glomerular capillary bed?

Answer 9

visceral epithelium of podocytes

Question 10

How do podocytes form a barrier?

Answer 10

1) chemical barrier due to high negative charge

2) basement membrane forms physical barrier

Question 11

Fenestrations

Answer 11

small openings in the capillary walls that prevent blood from getting into filtrate

ex: in hematuria there is a problem since blood is passing through

Question 12

where is podocyte on stain?

Answer 12

looks like a cell around Bowman’s space

can see the nuclei of the cell

Question 13

macula densa cells

Answer 13

associated with the distal tubule

secrete renin

Question 14

What distinguishes a proximal tubule?

Answer 14

proximal tubule has brush border and is thicker

*thicker for more surface area for bulk reabsorption

Question 15

Do tubules and bowman’s space contain filtrate?

Answer 15

yes to both

Question 16

Where are mesangial cells?

Answer 16

by distal tubules and vascular pole

Question 17

which cells comprise the majority of the glomerular filtration barrier?

Answer 17

podocytes

Question 18

Cortex vs. medulla location

Answer 18

cortex lies outside the medulla

Question 19

Are there collecting ducts in the cortex?

Answer 19

yes

Question 20

does fluid flow from glomeruli to distal tubule?

Answer 20

yes! fluid flows from glomeruli to tubules in general

Question 21

dual blood supply of the liver

Answer 21

1) 25% of oxygenated blood from hepatic artery

2) 75% deoxygenated blood from portal vein (via GI)

Question 22

portal triad

Answer 22

hepatic artery

portal vein

bile duct

*branches of these throughout the liver

Question 23

flow of blood through the liver

Answer 23

blood flows from the hepatic artery / portal vein toward the central vein

Question 24

what does central vein look like in histology?

Answer 24

really just looks like a white opening with some sinusoids flowing towards it

Question 25

what type of epithelium surrounds blood vessels?

Answer 25

simple squamous

Question 26

what do hepatocytes normally look like?

Answer 26

highly eosinophilic

normally have a homogenous distribution

Question 27

do liver cells have lots of connective tissue / stroma?

Answer 27

no

ducts do not have much stroma at all

Question 28

signs of fatty liver disease

Answer 28

hepatocyte injury and fat droplets

Question 29

fibrosis in liver

Answer 29

development of connective tissue

known as cirrhosis

Question 30

macrophages in liver

Answer 30

known as Kupffer cells

often highly died, discrete regions

Question 31

flow of bile through liver

Answer 31

moves from in to out

since bile is synthesized by liver but has to go to the gallbladder

*opposite of blood flow

Question 32

bile canaliculi

Answer 32

bile first secreted into these small canals before going to larger bile ducts

separated from sinusoids by tight junctions

special stain needed to view

Question 33

are binucleated cells normal in the liver?

Answer 33

yes

Question 34

duct epithelial

Answer 34

columnar cells line

Question 35

where do you see pathology first in liver?

Answer 35

see by the central vein since blood flow reaches there last