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Fundamentals 2 > Opportunistic Infections > Flashcards

Opportunistic Infections Flashcards

1
Q

cryptococcus

A

fungi that can cause meningitis

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2
Q

What do you use to stain cryptococcus? What does it show?

A

use India Ink stain

will show “halo” due to cyptococcus capsule

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3
Q

What does opening pressure of LP tell you?

A

that there is a pathogenic infection

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4
Q

What is normal WBC count of CSF?

A

normal is 0

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5
Q

What is another buzz word for cryptococcus?

A

budding yeast

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6
Q

If you have lymphopenia what are you suspectible to

A

fungal and viral infections

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7
Q

If you have neutropenia what are you suspectible to

A

bacterial infections

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8
Q

How is cryptococcus transmitted?

A

normally found in soil / nature

transmitted through inhalation

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9
Q

Where is cryptococcus tropic to?

A

the CNS

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10
Q

What is the treatment for cryptococcus?

A

amphoterine B + flucytosine

then, follow up with fluconazole

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11
Q

How does amphoterine B works?

A

disrupts the cell membrane

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12
Q

2 virulence factors of cryptococcus

A

1) thick capsule that prevents phagocytosis

2) melanin in cell wall that acts as armor

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13
Q

What type of virus is Hep B?

A

dsDNA virus with envelope

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14
Q

What are the 3 types of antigens we test for with HepB?

A

surface

E

core

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15
Q

How is HBV transmitted?

A

through blood + vertical transmission + sexual contact

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16
Q

What does Aspergillus most commonly infect?

A

the lungs

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17
Q

What are the 2 paths of HBV infection?

A

1) clear infection (over 90% of people)

2) chronic infection

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18
Q

What is a hallmark of chronic HBV infection?

A

HbsAG is positive with antibodies

HbeAG is negative

19
Q

cccDNA

A

covalently closed DNA

even if you clear HBV, the DNA can still persist as cccDNA fragments in hepatocytes

this makes reactivation of HBV possible

20
Q

Is there a cure for Hep B?

A

no

21
Q

What are the 5 most common types of herpes viruses?

A

HSV (herpes)

CMV

EBV (mono)

VZV (chicken pox)

HHV-8 or KSHV

22
Q

What does HHV-8 / KSHV cause?

A

Kaposi sarcoma

remember this is an AIDS-defining illness

23
Q

What are all herpes viruses?

A

dsDNA

24
Q

What is a hallmark that rash is caused by VZV?

A

dermatomal, burning rash

25
Q

disseminated Zooster

A

like shingles but is more widepread

also reactivated VZV

26
Q

Abnormalities in opsonization and reticuloendothelial system (RES) are associated with what type of opportunistic infection?

A

encapsulated organisms (SHIN)

27
Q

Granulocyte or neutrophil abnormalities are associated with what type of opportunistic infection?

A

catalase-positive organisms

28
Q

Give 2 diseases that represent abnormalities in opsonization and RES?

A

lupus

asplenia

29
Q

B-lymphocytes abnormalities are associated with what type of opportunistic infection?

A

encapsulated organisms

30
Q

B-lymphocytes produce what?

A

IgG and IgA

remember that B-cells produce antibodies

31
Q

T-lymphocyte abnormalities are associated with what type of opportunistic infection?

A

fungi and yeasts, parasites, viruses, and mycobacterium

32
Q

T-lymphocyte abnormalities include ….

A

HIV/AIDS

immunocompromised states (chemotherapy, transplant, etc)

33
Q

List 4 ways fungi are different than bacteria

A

1) Nuclear membrane

2) more than one chromosome

3) mitochondria + ER

4) cell wall is made up of mannans, glucan and chitin

34
Q

What are most fungi?

A

obligate aerobes

35
Q

Do fungi or bacteria have sterols in their membrane?

A

only fungi

36
Q

3 examples of blood borne pathogens

A

hep C

hep B

HIV

37
Q

examples of yeast

A

candida and cryptococcus

38
Q

features of yeast

A

round

reproduce by asexual budding

can produce pseudohyphae (two elongated yeast together which look like they are hyphenated but not!)

39
Q

example of a mold

A

Aspergillus

40
Q

Another name for molds

A

filamentous fungi

41
Q

features of molds

A

branching structure

multicellular forms composed of tubular structures called hyphae

42
Q

features of dimorphic fungi

A

can grow in either yeast or mycelium form

43
Q

thermally dimorphic fungi

A

grow in mold form at normal temperatures, but when incubated they convert to yeast-like forms

Fundamentals 2 (30 decks)

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