Diabetic Retinopathy

Question 1

eyelids function

Answer 1

protect and help lubricate the eye

Question 2

conjunctiva location

Answer 2

starts at edge of cornea

continuous

Question 3

conjunctiva function

Answer 3

creates a barrier

ex: prevents contact lenses from falling backwards

also tear production from lacrimonal gland

Question 4

cornea

Answer 4

clear layer in front of the aqueous humor

cornea provides refractive power

Question 5

corneal abrasion

Answer 5

commonly happens on the cornea epithelium

Question 6

why are cornea transplants successful?

Answer 6

cornea is avascular which makes it hard for the immune system to attck

Question 7

What 3 structures make up the uvea?

Answer 7

iris, ciliary body and choroid

Question 8

iris function

Answer 8

regulates the amount of light reaching the retina

Question 9

sympathetic simulation of iris

Answer 9

leads to pupil dilation

Question 10

choroid

Answer 10

bed of blood vessels that lie in between the retina and the sclera

Question 11

lens location

Answer 11

behind the iris

Question 12

ciliary body function

Answer 12

makes aqueous humor

provides multifocal ability / ability to accomodate to see things up close

Question 13

where do floaters stem from?

Answer 13

the vitreous chamber

Question 14

what is the large chamber of the eye called?

Answer 14

the vitreous chamber

Question 15

what causes us to need reading glasses?

Answer 15

harding of the lens over time

cannot acommodate

Question 16

does the lens have vasculature?

Answer 16

no, lens is avascular

Question 17

where does a cataract replacement happen?

Answer 17

at the lens

Question 18

what is the sensory layer of the eye?

Answer 18

the retina

Question 19

ganglion layer of eye

Answer 19

lies innermost, by the vitreous chamber

contains rods + cones

Question 20

macula

Answer 20

center of retina that is important for central vision

Question 21

what structure produces the most retina-related pathology?

Answer 21

damage to the fovea

Question 22

where do the retinal artery and vein pass through?

Answer 22

the optic disc

Question 23

innervation of muscles of the eye

Answer 23

CN III: superior, medial, and inferior rectus

CN IV: superior oblique

CN VI: lateral rectus

Question 24

3 chambers of the eye

Answer 24

1) anterior chamber in front of iris

2) posterior chamber between iris and lens

3) vitreous chamber behind the lens, fills most of the eye

Question 25

where does the retina get its nutrition from?

Answer 25

outer from the choroid

inner from the retinal arteries

Question 26

Which full-thickness eyelid laceration is more dangerous – medial or lateral lacerations?

Answer 26

medial laceration since they could effect the tear-drainage system

Question 27

water content of the cornea

Answer 27

different than the rest of the eye in that it is relatively dehydrated

Question 28

presbyopia

Answer 28

lens hardening over time which affects near-sighted vision

Question 29

What is the leading cause of blindness in working Americans?

Answer 29

diabetic retinopathy

Question 30

2 pathways to visual loss in DM retinopathy

Answer 30

non-proliferative / capillary leakage

proliferative / capillary closure

Question 31

how does non-proliferative DM retinopathy normally start?

Answer 31

see small dot hemorrhages

Question 32

What is associated with non-proliferative DM retinopathy?

Answer 32

macular edema

Question 33

what is associated with proliferative DM retinopathy?

Answer 33

blood in vitreous chamber

Question 34

steps of proliferative DM retinopathy

Answer 34

1) leukocytes attach to small capillaries and capillaries close
2) swelling of nerve layer which causes retina to not get enough blood
3) retina produces VGEF to attempt to get new blood
4) VGEF leads to neovascularization
5) neovasculation is not strong enough and new vessels break / spill blood into vitreous layer

Question 35

exduate

Answer 35

yellow spots on retina

Question 36

what does exudate indicate?

Answer 36

proteins and lipids precipitated out due to diabetic macular edema

diabetic macular edema = non-proliferative