Diabetic Retinopathy Flashcards
eyelids function
protect and help lubricate the eye
conjunctiva location
starts at edge of cornea
continuous
conjunctiva function
creates a barrier
ex: prevents contact lenses from falling backwards
also tear production from lacrimonal gland
cornea
clear layer in front of the aqueous humor
cornea provides refractive power
corneal abrasion
commonly happens on the cornea epithelium
why are cornea transplants successful?
cornea is avascular which makes it hard for the immune system to attck
What 3 structures make up the uvea?
iris, ciliary body and choroid
iris function
regulates the amount of light reaching the retina
sympathetic simulation of iris
leads to pupil dilation
choroid
bed of blood vessels that lie in between the retina and the sclera
lens location
behind the iris
ciliary body function
makes aqueous humor
provides multifocal ability / ability to accomodate to see things up close
where do floaters stem from?
the vitreous chamber
what is the large chamber of the eye called?
the vitreous chamber
what causes us to need reading glasses?
harding of the lens over time
cannot acommodate
does the lens have vasculature?
no, lens is avascular
where does a cataract replacement happen?
at the lens
what is the sensory layer of the eye?
the retina
ganglion layer of eye
lies innermost, by the vitreous chamber
contains rods + cones
macula
center of retina that is important for central vision
what structure produces the most retina-related pathology?
damage to the fovea
where do the retinal artery and vein pass through?
the optic disc
innervation of muscles of the eye
CN III: superior, medial, and inferior rectus
CN IV: superior oblique
CN VI: lateral rectus
3 chambers of the eye
1) anterior chamber in front of iris
2) posterior chamber between iris and lens
3) vitreous chamber behind the lens, fills most of the eye
where does the retina get its nutrition from?
outer from the choroid
inner from the retinal arteries
Which full-thickness eyelid laceration is more dangerous – medial or lateral lacerations?
medial laceration since they could effect the tear-drainage system
water content of the cornea
different than the rest of the eye in that it is relatively dehydrated
presbyopia
lens hardening over time which affects near-sighted vision
What is the leading cause of blindness in working Americans?
diabetic retinopathy
2 pathways to visual loss in DM retinopathy
non-proliferative / capillary leakage
proliferative / capillary closure
how does non-proliferative DM retinopathy normally start?
see small dot hemorrhages
What is associated with non-proliferative DM retinopathy?
macular edema
what is associated with proliferative DM retinopathy?
blood in vitreous chamber
steps of proliferative DM retinopathy
1) leukocytes attach to small capillaries and capillaries close
2) swelling of nerve layer which causes retina to not get enough blood
3) retina produces VGEF to attempt to get new blood
4) VGEF leads to neovascularization
5) neovasculation is not strong enough and new vessels break / spill blood into vitreous layer
exduate
yellow spots on retina
what does exudate indicate?
proteins and lipids precipitated out due to diabetic macular edema
diabetic macular edema = non-proliferative
