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Biology 20 > Structures and Functions of the Circulatory System > Flashcards

Structures and Functions of the Circulatory System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the functions of the Circulatory System?

A
  1. Transports gasses and wastes
  2. Regulates internal temp, transports hormones
  3. Protects against blood loss from injury (platelets), provides immune response
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2
Q

The 3 major components of the Circulatory System are..

A
  1. Heart
  2. Blood Vessels
  3. Blood
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3
Q

Pumps blood through body, generates blood flow

A

Heart

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4
Q
  • “Roadways” for blood
  • Arteries, veins, and capillaries
A

Blood Vessels

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5
Q

Carries nutrients, O2, CO2, wastes, and other materials throughout the body.

A

Blood

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6
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

Slightly left of middle of chest

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7
Q

Two chambers at the top of the heart

A

Atria (singular = Atrium)

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8
Q

Two chambers at the bottom of the heart

A

Ventricles

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9
Q

Thick muscular wall that separates the heart from the middle

A

Septum

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10
Q

Fluid filled membrane surrounding the heart

A

Pericardium

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11
Q

Separates atria from ventricles

A

Atrioventricular (AV) Valves

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12
Q

Separates ventricles from arteries

A

Semilunar Valves

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13
Q

Why does the heart have one-way valves between atria, ventricles, aorta, and pulmonary arteries?

A

To ensure blood flows in the correct direction. (one direction)

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14
Q

What is deoxygenated blood?

A
  • Shown on diagrams as blue (to separate from oxygenated blood)
  • Blood returning from tissues
  • Low O2 content (because its just delivered all its O2 to the tissues)
  • Heading towards the heart & lungs to get more oxygen
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15
Q

What is Oxygenated blood?

A
  • Blood leaving the lungs filled with O2
  • Heading towards tissues to deliver O2
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16
Q
  1. O2 poor blood coming back from the body is pumped through the VENA CAVA (right side of heart) into the..
A

Right Atrium

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17
Q
  1. Blood flows from RIGHT ATRIUM to RIGHT VENTRICLE and then out the LEFT AND RIGHT…
A

Pulmonary ARTERIES

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18
Q

Pulmonary ARTERIES lead to the..

A

Lungs (for gas exchange)

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19
Q
  1. O2 rich blood from the LUNGS returns to the heart through LEFT AND RIGHT..
A

Pulmonary VEINS

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20
Q
  1. O2 rich blood enters the LEFT ATRIUM then the..
A

LEFT Ventricle

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21
Q
  1. O2 rich blood leaves the heart through the…
A

AORTA

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22
Q

The Aorta leads to..

A

the whole body

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23
Q
  • Carries blood AWAY from the heart
  • Highly Elastic walls
A

Arteries

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24
Q

DEOXYGENATED blood leaves the right side of the heart to the lungs via..

A

Pulmonary ARTERIES

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25
Q

OXYGENATED blood leaves the left side of the heart via..

A

AORTA

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26
Q
  • Smallest blood vessels
  • Walls are a single layer of cells
A

Capillaries

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27
Q

Site of gas, nutrient and waste exchange between blood and cells

A

Capillaries

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28
Q
  • Carries blood TOWARDS the heart
  • Not elastic, cannot contract to move blood back to the heart
  • Relies on contraction from surrounding skeletal muscle
A

Veins

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29
Q

Has thinner walls than Arteries

A

Veins

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30
Q

Contains one-way valves to prevent back flow against gravity

A

Veins (unlike Arteries/except Arteries exiting the ventricles)

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31
Q

Deoxygenated blood returns to the RIGHT side of the heart via..

A

Vena Cava

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32
Q

Oxygenated blood returns to the LEFT side of the heart via..

A

Pulmonary Veins

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33
Q

Occurs when the leaflets of valves fail to close properly, causing blood to flow backwards and pool in the veins

A

Varicose Veins

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34
Q

Biggest Artery

A

Aorta

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35
Q

Small Arteries

A

Arterioles

36
Q

Small Veins

A

Venuoles

37
Q

The stimulus that triggers a heartbeat

A

An Electrical Signal

38
Q
  • Bundle of specialized nerves and muscle tissues.
  • Acts as a pacemaker -sets rate of heartbeat (70bpm)-
A

Sinoatrial Node (SA Node)

39
Q

Where is the SA Node located?

A

The wall of the right atrium.

40
Q

Generates electrical signal that spreads over the two atria and them contract simultaneously

A

SA Node

41
Q

Where is the AV Node located?

A

The bottom of the right atrium.

42
Q
  • Receives electrical signals from the SA Node
  • Left and Right Ventricles contract simultaneously
A

Atrioventricular Node (AV Node)

43
Q

AV Node transmits signal through the..

A

Bundle of His (Bundle of specialized nerve fibers)

44
Q

The fibers in the AV Node relay signal through two branches of conducting fibers called..

A

Purkinjie Fibers

45
Q

A device that records the electrical activity of the heart as it contracts and relaxes

A

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

46
Q

What is the Electrocardiogram used for?

A

To diagnose certain heart problems. (looking at the graph and analyzing any abnormal line tracings).

47
Q

Refers to heart relaxation (heart fills with blood)

A

Diastole

48
Q

Refers to heart contraction (heart pumping blood out)

A

Systole

49
Q

Sound produced when AV valves close. (When ventricles contract, blood is forced up and cause the AV valves to close).

A

Lubb

50
Q

Sound produced when the Semi-lunar valves close

A

Dubb

51
Q

What does the ECG wave part “P” mean?

A

Just before atrial contraction.

52
Q

What does the ECG wave part “QRS” mean?

A

Electrical impulse that spreads through ventricles (ventricle contraction).

53
Q

What does the ECG wave part “T” mean?

A

Ventricles recovering before next SA stimulation. (Atrial relaxation recovery/heart filling).

54
Q

Where is the lubb sound heard on the ECG chart?

A

P to Q

55
Q

Where is the dubb sound heard on the ECG chart?

A

S to T

56
Q

What are the two measurements of blood pressure?

A

Systolic and Diastolic

57
Q

Top, 120, Ventricles contract

A

Systolic

58
Q

Bottom, 80, Ventricles relax

A

Diastolic

59
Q

Pressure blood exerts during ventricular contraction.

A

Systolic blood pressure

60
Q

Pressure blood exerts during Ventricular relaxation

A

Diastolic blood pressure

61
Q

Amount of blood flowing from the heart each minute

A

Cardiac output

62
Q

The quantity of blood pumped with each heartbeat (~70mL/beat)

A

Stroke Volume

63
Q

Number of heart beats per minute (~70 beats per minute)

A

Heart Rate

64
Q

When Cardiac Output is increased, is blood flow increased or decreased?

A

Increased

65
Q

When Cardiac Output is decreased, is blood flow increased or decreased?

A

decreased

66
Q

What are factors affecting cardiac output?

A
  1. Size of Individual
    ~Large mass = higher cardiac output Smaller mass = smaller cardiac output
  2. Exercise
67
Q

Vessels that carry blood to and from the lungs.

A

Pulmonary Circulation

68
Q

Vessels that carry blood to and from the body.

A

Systemic Circulation

69
Q

The heart’s separate blood supply that supplies cardiac muscles with O2 and other nutrients.

A

Coronary Pathway

70
Q

Condition where there is a buildup of plaque (fatty deposits, calcium, and fibrous tissues) inside of the artery walls.
Narrowing = higher pressure which leads to angina, blood clots, shortness of breath, heart attack, and heart failure.

A

Atherosclerosis

71
Q

How is Atherosclerosis treated?

A
  1. Aspirin - reduce formation of clots
  2. Clot busting medication
  3. Angioplasty (balloon inserted)
  4. Stent (permanent metal tube)
  5. Coronary bypass surgery (healthy artery creates a new pathway).
72
Q
  • Congenital (born with)
  • Misflow of blood in the heart
  • Valves not opening or closing properly
    ~Valve defects can be heard with a stethoscope
  • Problems in the walls of the chambers.
A

Heart Murmur

73
Q
  • High blood pressure: causes blood vessels to weaken or even rupture
  • Results in build-up of connective tissue as body tries to repair, making arteries hard and less elastic
A

Hypertension

74
Q
  • Low blood pressure: reduces bodies ability to transport blood
  • Problem for your brain because blood pressure has to work against the force of gravity to get up there
    = dizzy spells
A

Hypotension

75
Q

What is the relative velocity (speed) of the blood as it flows through the capillaries?

A

Slowest (single-file and time for gas exchange).

76
Q

What happens to blood pressure as blood moves from the arteries to the veins?

A

The blood pressure lowers.

77
Q

Why does the pressure change as blood moves from the arteries to the veins?

A

Arteries have muscular walls (higher pressure), Veins don’t have muscular walls.

78
Q

What circulatory system organ is responsible for supplying the pressure for the blood?

A

The Heart

79
Q

Which chambers are pumping chambers of the heart?

A

Atriums

80
Q

Which chambers are the receiving chambers of the heart?

A

Ventricles

81
Q

How do the walls of the atria compare with the walls of the ventricles and why are they different?

A

The walls of the atria are thinner than the ventricles because the ventricles use more power to pump blood throughout the body.

82
Q

What is the purpose of heart valves?

A

So the blood doesn’t flow backwards (backflow).

83
Q

Which artery is the largest and why?

A

The aorta because it carries O2 blood throughout the body.

84
Q

Above what value is someone considered to have high blood pressure?

A

From a130/80 mm Hg or higher

85
Q

From a medical perspective, what is the problem with having high blood pressure?

A

The chance of having a heart attack, and stroke are increased.

86
Q

Below what value is someone considered to have a low blood pressure?

A

From 90/60 mm Hg or lower

87
Q

From a medical perspective, what is the problem with having low blood pressure?

A

Some potential problems include dizziness, weakness, and fainting.

Biology 20 (20 decks)

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