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Biology 20 > Essentials Nutrients + Enzymes V2 > Flashcards

Essentials Nutrients + Enzymes V2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Assembling Macromolecules is a ___________ synthesis chemical reaction

A

Dehydration

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2
Q

While Assembling Macromolecules, a ________ bond is formed between 2 subunit molecules

A

Covalent

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3
Q

While Assembling Macromolecules (a dehydration synthesis reaction), what molecule is removed?

A

A water molecule!!

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4
Q

Disassembling Macromolecules is considered a __________ chemical bond.

A

Hydrolysis

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5
Q

While Disassembling Macromolecules, is water added or taken away?

A

water is added

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6
Q

While Disassembling Macromolecules, a covalent bond between what is broken?

A

two subunits

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7
Q

The substances that provides the raw materials required for cell metabolism and growth

A

Nutrients

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8
Q

What are the 3 major groups of nutrients?

A

Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Proteins

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9
Q

What are the two Chemicals of Life?

A
  1. Vitamins and Minerals
  2. Nucleic Acids
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10
Q

Helps in chemical reactions

A

Vitamins and Minerals

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11
Q
  • Make up DNA
  • The genetic material that directs cell activity
  • Composed of sugar, phosphate and nitrogen bases
A

Nucleic Acids

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12
Q

Which nutrient group is the fastest source of energy?

A

Carbonhydrates

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13
Q

(True/False) The body doesn’t make carbs so you have to get them from your diet.

A

True (you can get them from potatoes, bread, corn, rice, and fruit).

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14
Q

Which Nutrient group contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (1:2:1 / C6H12O6)

A

Carbohydrates

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15
Q

What are the two categories of Carbohydrates?

A

Simple Sugars and Complex Sugars

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16
Q

What are the common carbs (carbohydrates)?

A
  • Glucose (blood sugar)
  • Fructose (plants sugar in fruit)
  • Deoxyribose (sugar component of DNA)
  • Cellulose (cell wall component)
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17
Q

Single sugar unit

A

Monosaccharide

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18
Q

Simple sugars all have the same _________ _______, C6H12O6, but the structural arrangement differs (Eg. glucose, fructose, galactose)

A

Molecular Formula

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19
Q

Two simple sugar units

A

Disaccharide

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20
Q

What are the Simple Sugars?

A
  • Disaccharide (two simple sugar units)
  • Sucrose (white table sugar) = glucose + fructose
  • Maltose (malt sugar) = glucose + glucose
  • Lactose (milk sugar) = glucose + galactose
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21
Q

What are the Complex Sugars?

A
  • Polysaccharides (many linked simple sugars)
  • Starch (energy storage in plants)
  • Glycogen (energy storage in animals)
  • Cellulose (component of plant cell walls)
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22
Q

Which Nutrient group is insoluble in water?

A

Lipids

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23
Q

Which Nutrient group stores 2.25x or more energy/gram than any other molecule?

A

Lipids

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24
Q

Which Nutrient group is the component of cell membranes (Cushion organs, Carriers for vitamins A, D, E, and K, Raw material for the synthesis of hormones, Insulates against the cold)?

A

Lipids

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25
Q

Which Nutrient group is composed of Glycerol and Fatty Acids combined by dehydration synthesis?

A

Lipids

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26
Q

How many Glycerol and Fatty Acids compose Lipids?

A

1 Glycerol and 3 Fatty Acids

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27
Q

A lipid composed of one glycerol and three fatty acids

A

Triglycerides

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28
Q

Triglycerides that are solid at room temperature

A

Fats

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29
Q

Are Fats made up of single bonds or double bonds?

A

Single Bonds

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30
Q

What bonds between carbon atoms are stable and hard to break down?

A

Single Bond

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31
Q

Lipids: Fats are also known as what?

A

Saturated Fats (Eg. Animal fats like butter)

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32
Q

Triglycerides that are liquid at room temperature

A

Oils

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33
Q

Are Oils made up of single bonds or double bonds?

A

Double bonds!!

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34
Q

What bonds between carbon atoms are reactive and easily broken?

A

Double Bonds!!

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35
Q

Lipids: Oils are also known as what?

A

Unsaturated Fats (Eg. Plant fats, Olive oil)

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36
Q

Lipid that is a component of Cell Membranes
- Phosphate group
- Glycerol backbone of the molecule
- Hydrophilic Head
- Hydrophobic Tail
- Soluble in water

A

Phospholipids

37
Q

Are Phospholipids soluble in water?

A

YES

38
Q

What does Hydrophilic mean?

A

Likes water

39
Q

What does Hydrophobic mean?

A

Does not like water

40
Q

The predominate part of Muscles, skin, nerves, and hair, Organelles, Antibodies, and Enzymes.

A

Protein

41
Q

Which Nutrients group provides energy for the tissues although energy production is not the main function?

A

Protein

42
Q

Which Nutrients group is composed of building blocks called amino acids (aa)?

A

Proteins

43
Q

What are Amino acids made up of?

A

Amino Group (NH2), Carboxyl Group (COOH), and R Groups

44
Q

What do R groups in Amino Acids represent?

A

A number of different structures which differentiate one aa from another

45
Q

The covalent bond that is formed between the carboxyl group of one aa and the amino group of another aa is called what?

A

a peptide bond!!

46
Q

Chains of aa (Amino Acids) are called what?

A

Polypeptides

47
Q

When aa are joined together, a water molecule is removed. What kind of reaction is this?

A

Dehydration Synthesis

48
Q

The body is capable of making many aa needed to make proteins BUT it’s unable to make 8 aa which must be obtained from food called…

A

Essential aa

49
Q

The sequence of AA (Amino Acids) are determined by what?

A

Genes

50
Q

Is denaturation reversible?

A

YES

51
Q

Physical or Chemical Factors that disrupt bonds and causes changes in the shape of the protein. Once the factors are removed, the protein turns back to normal. This is called..

A

Denaturation

52
Q

What can change a protein’s shape temporarily?

A
  • Exposed to excess heat
  • Radiation
  • Change in pH
53
Q

A permanent change in protein shape (Eg. boiling an egg).

A

Coagulation

54
Q

When Simple Carbs (reducing sugars) are present with Benedict’s solution, what colour does it turn into?

A

Orange/Green

55
Q

When Complex Carbs (starch, cellulose) are present with Iodine, what colour does it turn into?

A

Black

56
Q

When Lipids are present with brown paper, what results are expected?

A

The brown paper would turn translucent

57
Q

When Proteins are present with Biuret Agent, what colour does it turn into?

A

Violet/Pink

58
Q

What are two ways to increase the rate of reactions?

A
  1. Increase Temperature
  2. Catalyst
59
Q

Human body functions at what specific temperature?

A

37’c

60
Q

What is the problem with increasing body temperature to increase the rate of reactions?

A

Speeding reactions in your body will damage proteins and destroy body cells. (High fevers can be fatal)

61
Q

Catalysts that speed up rate of reaction in your body

A

Enzymes

62
Q

Enzymes (Catalysts) increase rate of reaction without increasing ___________.

A

Temperature

63
Q

(True/False) Enzymes are not consumed or changed in the reaction, so it can be used again.

A

True

64
Q

What are proteins specialized for specific tasks (Eg. Sucrase breaks down Sucrose, Lipases break down Lipids)?

A

Enzymes

65
Q

All chemical reactions in living organisms require _______ to work.

A

Enzymes

66
Q

What are the three functions of Enzymes?

A
  1. Building molecules (synthesis)
  2. Breaking down molecules (digestion)
  3. Speed up reactions (catalysts)
67
Q

Enzymes are Protein _________

A

Catalysts

68
Q

Enzymes reduce the reaction’s what?

A

Activation Energy

69
Q

The molecule on which an enzyme works

A

Substrate

70
Q

(True/False) Each substrate molecule combines with a specific enzyme.

A

True

71
Q

Enzymes can change the Substrate molecules during a reaction and a _______ is formed.

A

Product

72
Q

The area that joins the enzyme with the substrate molecule

A

Active Site

73
Q

Has a lock and key mechanism

A

Enzyme’s Active Site

74
Q

Each Enzyme has a specific shaped active site that provides a “dock” for specific what?

A

Substrates

75
Q

When the Enzyme temporarily joins with the Substrate, what does it form?

A

A Enzyme-Substrate Complex

76
Q

What factors affect Enzyme reactions?

A
  1. Temperature
  2. pH
  3. Substrate Molecule Concentration
  4. Competitive Inhibitors
  5. Non-Competitive Inhibitors
77
Q

When the body temperature is too high, what happens to the bonds (enzyme reaction)?

A

Bonds are too weak to maintain enzyme shape.

78
Q

When the body temperature is too low, what happens to the bonds (enzyme reaction)?

A

Bonds are not flexible to enable the substrate to fit properly

79
Q

Most humans function optimally with a pH between…

A

6-8

80
Q

The greater the number of substrate molecules -> the greater the number of collisions which result in..

A

The greater the rate of the reaction

81
Q

Molecules that have shapes similar to that of the substrate.
- Compete with the substrate molecules for the active sites of the enzyme

A

Competitive Inhibitors

82
Q

Binds to the enzyme not at its active site.
- Changes the shape and active site of the enzyme, making the substrate unable to bind.

A

Non-Competitive Inhibitors

83
Q

When product of the first reaction becomes the substrate for the next reaction.

A

Series of Enzymatic Reactions

84
Q

What is feedback inhibition?

A

Creating and using non-competitive inhibitors to regulate enzyme reactions

85
Q

Feedback Inhibition slows the reaction rate and prevents further accumulation of final ________.

A

Products

86
Q

What part of an enzyme binds to the substrate?

A

Active site

87
Q

(True/False) The shape of the active site is constantly changing, allowing the enzyme to bind many different substrates, catalyzing many different chemical reactions.

A

False

88
Q

(True/False) When a substrate encounters the active site of its enzyme, the substrate and enzyme become held together by weak chemical bonds.

A

True

89
Q

(True/False) The active site of an enzyme is specific, recognizing only one particular substrate

A

True

Biology 20 (20 decks)

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