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Biology 20 > Cellular Respiration + Fermentation > Flashcards

Cellular Respiration + Fermentation Flashcards

1
Q

a substance that causes oxidation by accepting electrons; therefore, it gets reduced

A

oxidizing agents

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2
Q

a substance that causes reduction by losing electrons; therefore it gets oxidized

A

reducing agents

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3
Q

Converts solar energy into chemical energy (PGAL —> Glucose)

A

Photosynthesis

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4
Q

Breaks down Glucose into usable energy (ATP) for the cell.

A

Cellular Respiration

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5
Q

What intermediate products does Photosynthesis use?

A

NADPH and ATP

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6
Q

What intermediate products does Cellular Respiration use?

A

FADH2, ATP and NADH (are all electron/energy carriers)

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7
Q

What is the usable form of energy that our bodies can use?

A

ATP!!

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8
Q

Cellular respiration is the process by which our bodies break down the ingested _______ and convert it into ATP

A

Glucose

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9
Q

Releases energy by oxidizing it

A

Cellular Respiration

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10
Q

During Cellular Respiration, what is removed?

A

Electrons

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11
Q

During Cellular Respiration, what is released?

A

Energy

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12
Q

During Cellular Respiration, what is produced?

A

CO2 and H2O

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13
Q

What is Aerobic Respiration?

A

Respiration that requires oxygen to produce ATP

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14
Q

What is Anaerobic Respiration?

A

Respiration that does not require oxygen to produce ATP

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15
Q

(True or False) Some organisms including humans can do Anaerobic Respiration.

A

True

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16
Q

What are the 3 pathways for energy release?

A
  1. Aerobic Cellular Respiration
  2. Anaerobic Cellular Respiration
  3. Fermentation
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17
Q

What are the steps involved/metabolic pathways for Aerobic Respiration?

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Kreb’s Cycle
  3. Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
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18
Q

The complete oxidation of Glucose to release energy.

A

Aerobic Cellular Respiration

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19
Q

Glucose is oxidized to form..

A

CO2

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20
Q

O2 is reduced to form..

A

H2O

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21
Q

Hydrogen is transferred from Glucose to Oxygen bringing Electrons with it which provide energy for..

A

ATP Synthesis

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22
Q

By oxidizing Glucose, respiration takes energy out of storage and makes it available for..

A

ATP Synthesis

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23
Q

What is the formula for Glucose?

A

C6H12O6

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24
Q

Formula for Aerobic Respiration;
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> ?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy

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25
Q

Where does Glycolysis occur?

A

Cytoplasm

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26
Q

During Glycolysis, Glucose is split into two 3-carbon sugars (PGAL) which are then ________ to form 2 Pyruvate molecules

A

Oxidized

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27
Q

During Glycolysis, released energy will create ATP and ____.

A

NADH

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28
Q

What 2 molecules split Glucose during Glycolysis?

A

ATP

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29
Q

During Glycolysis, 2 NADH is formed from..

A

2 e- + 2H+ + 2NAD

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30
Q

During Glycolysis, 4 ATP is formed from..

A

4ADP + 4Pi

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31
Q

What is the net of ATP during Glycolysis?

A

2

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32
Q

What are the Glycolysis inputs?

A

1 Glucose
2 NAD+
2 ATP
4 ADP + 4Pi

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33
Q

What are the Glycolysis outputs?

A

2 Pyruvate
2 NADH
4 ATP (2 ATP Net)
2 H2O

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34
Q

What is the start of the Aerobic Cellular Respiration (and Fermentation)

A

Glycolysis

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35
Q

Happens in the Cytoplasm

A

Glycolysis

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36
Q

If not enough oxygen available, ____________ occurs

A

Fermentation

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37
Q

If enough oxygen is available, pyruvate moves into the ____________ and enter the Kreb’s Cycle

A

Mitochondria

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38
Q

During Glycolysis, a small amount of ATP is generated and NAD+ is reduced to..

A

NADH

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39
Q

Is Glycolysis a Aerobic or Anaerobic reaction?

A

Anaerobic

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40
Q

Where is Pyruvate Oxidation located?

A

The Matrix

41
Q

A series of reactions which yield carbon dioxide (1 carbon) and Acetyl-CoA (2 carbons)

A

Pyruvate Oxidation / Kreb Prep

42
Q

In the forming of Acetyl CoA, 2NAD+ is reduced to..

43
Q

What is removed from each Pyruvate and released as Waste?

A

Carbon Dioxide

44
Q

During Pyruvate Oxidation, the remaining C2 compound becomes what group?

45
Q

During Pyruvate Oxidation, the Acetate group joins with a co-enzyme to form what?

A

Acetyl CoA

46
Q

What are the inputs of Pyruvate Oxidation?

A

2 Pyruvate
2 CoA
2 NAD+

47
Q

What are the outputs of Pyruvate Oxidation?

A

2 CO2 (diffuse out as waste)
2 Acetyl CoA (goes to Kreb)
2 NADH (goes to ETC)

48
Q

What is the Citric Acid Cycle also known as?

A

The Krebs Cycle

49
Q

Where does the Krebs Cycle take place?

A

The Matrix of the Mitochondria

50
Q

What is a Reactant?

A

A substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a reaction

51
Q

Why is the Krebs Cycle cyclic?

A

The product of the last step (Oxaloacetate) is a reactant in the first step

52
Q

How does Acetyl-CoA enter the Krebs Cycle?

A

It is combined with a four-carbon compound (Oxaloacetate)

53
Q

How many Carbon atoms in the Kreb Cycle are fully Oxidized to Carbon Dioxide?

54
Q

During the Krebs Cycle, NAD+ and FAD are reduced to..

A

NADH and FADH2

55
Q

What is Citrate Synthase?

A

The C6 in the Krebs Cycle

56
Q

What leaves at the beginning of the Krebs Cycle?

57
Q

What are the inputs of the Krebs Cycle?

A

2 Acetyl CoA
6 NAD+
2 FAD+
2 ADP + 2P

58
Q

What are the outputs of the Krebs Cycle?

A

4 CO2
6 NADH
2 FADH2
2 ATP

59
Q

By the end of the Krebs Cycle how many Carbon atoms have been oxidized CO2?

A

6 (2 from Krebs Prep and 4 from Krebs Cycle)

60
Q

By the end of the Krebs Cycle, all that is left is free energy (___) and high energy (____ and _____)

A

ATP, NADH AND FADH2

61
Q

State where the reactions of the Krebs cycle of occur in a cell.

62
Q

What compound that is derived from glucose actually enters the Krebs cycle.

63
Q

____ and _____ from the Krebs Cycle donate their electrons to the electron carriers in the Electron Transport Chain

A

NADH and FADH2

64
Q

During the Electron Transport Chain, as electrons are passed from one carrier to the next, the energy that is released is used to pump ________ ____ across the mitochondrial inner membrane into the inter-membrane space, creating a concentration gradient.

A

Hydrogen Ions

65
Q

During the Electron Transport Chain, the energy stored in the gradient is used to generate ATP by what?

A

Chemiosmosis

66
Q

During the Electron Transport Chain, what is the final electron acceptor?

67
Q

During the Electron Transport Chain, NADH and FADH2 are ________ (lose electrons) by the first protein complex of the electron transport chain

68
Q

During the Electron Transport Chain, the electrons oxidized from NADH and FADH2 are progressively passed along a series of electron carrier ________ (reduced).

69
Q

What is the final electron acceptor?

70
Q

During the Electron Transport Chain, once oxygen has received the electrons, they combine with H+ to form what?

A

H2O (product of cellular respiration)

71
Q

What is the product of Cellular Respiration?

A

H2O and CO2

72
Q

As electrons move down the ETC the protein complexes use energy released from the electrons to actively transport H+ IONS from the matrix to the inter-membrane space creating what kind of gradient?

A

Proton Gradient

73
Q

During Chemiosmosis (The Electron Transport Chain), the build-up of H+ outside the matrix result in what?

A
  1. Hydrogen Gradient
  2. Electrochemical Gradient
74
Q

(Chemiosmosis) What is it called when there are more H+ in the inter-membrane space than in the mitochondrial matrix?

A

Hydrogen Gradient

75
Q

(Chemiosmosis) What is it called when the excess H+ in the inter-membrane space causes it to become more positively charged and the matrix to become more negatively charged?

A

Electrochemical Gradient

76
Q

(Chemiosmosis) Because a Electrochemical gradient is caused, what needs to return to the matrix in order to restore balance?

77
Q

(Chemiosmosis) What is the only way for H+ to get out of the inter-membrane space and back into the matrix?

A

Through an enzyme called ATP Synthase

78
Q

(Chemiosmosis) What does H+ moving through the ATP Synthase drive the making of?

79
Q

What are inputs of ETC (Electron Transport Chain)?

A

10 NADH
2 Glycolysis
2 Pyruvate oxidation
2 Krebs cycle
2 FADH2

80
Q

What are outputs of ETC (Electron Transport Chain)?

A

10 NAD+
2 FAD
6 H2O
32-24 ATP

81
Q

After all the steps in Cellular Respiration, how many ATP are
synthesized?

82
Q

How many ATPs does 1 NADH equal to?

83
Q

How many ATPs does 1 FADH2 equal to?

84
Q

Where does Aerobic Respiration occur?

A

In the mitochondria of plant and animal cells

85
Q

What are the 4 stages of Aerobic Respiration?

A
  1. Glycolysis (Cytoplasm)
  2. Pyruvate Oxidation/Krebs Prep (Mitochondria Matrix)
  3. Krebs Cycle (Mitochondria Matrix)
  4. ETC (Inner Membrane of the Mitochondria)
86
Q

What does Aerobic Respiration result in?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O + 36-38ATP

87
Q

Allows organisms to recycle NADH without O2 by passing electrons to different organic molecules instead of the ETC.

A

Anaerobic Respiration

88
Q

What are the two main types of Anaerobic Respiration/Fermentation?

A
  1. Lactic Acid Fermentation
  2. Alcohol Fermentation
89
Q

Lactic Acid Fermentation only occurs in what cells?

A

Animal Cells

90
Q

Alcohol Fermentation only occurs in what cells?

A

Plant Cells

91
Q

Anaerobic Respiration/Fermentation in both types begins with what stage?

A

Glycolysis

92
Q

_______/_______ Fermentation
1. Glycolysis
2. Ethanol Fermentation
- Glucose —> Pyruvate —> Ethanol + CO2

A

Alcohol/Ethanol

93
Q

In yeast growing anaerobically, what is pyruvate converted to?

A

Carbon Dioxide and Ethanol

94
Q

Which fermentation method recycles NAD+ to glycolysis to produce ATP?

A

Alcohol/Ethanol Fermentation

95
Q

How many ATP are produced by Alcohol/Ethanol Fermentation?

A

Only 2 ATP are produced

96
Q

When are animal cells engaged in Anaerobic Respiration/Lactic Acid Fermentation?

A

Times of high ATP usage, when Aerobic respiration alone isn’t enough (Ex. strenuous exercise).

97
Q

The accumulation of ______ ____/Lactate in muscles causes stiffness, soreness, and fatigue.

A

Lactic Acid

98
Q

During ______ ____ Fermentation, pyruvate is converted to lactate and the reduced NADH is re-oxidized so that glycolysis can continue.

A

Lactic Acid

99
Q

How many ATP are produced by Lactic Acid Fermentation?

A

Only 2 ATP are produced

Biology 20 (20 decks)

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