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Biology 20 > Blood and The Immune System > Flashcards

Blood and The Immune System Flashcards

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1
Q

55% of blood is fluid called..

A

Plasma

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2
Q

Contains 90% water, Proteins, Glucose, Vitamins, Minerals, and Dissolved gases.

A

Plasma

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3
Q

45% of blood is composed of blood cells which are..

A

Red Blood cells (RBC), White Blood cells (WBC), and Platelets (Platelets)

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4
Q

What are Erythrocytes?

A

Red Blood Cells

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5
Q
  • Biconcave discs
  • No Nucleus
  • Produced in bone marrow
  • live about 120 days
  • 5 million are produced every minute
A

Red Blood Cells

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6
Q

Why are Red Blood cells biconcave?

A
  • To optimise the flow properties of the blood in the large vessels.
  • Increases surface area to volume ratio for gas diffusion.
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7
Q

Why do Red Blood cells lack a Nucleus?

A
  • Allows room for cells to carry hemoglobin (the protein that is responsible for delivery of oxygen to the tissues).
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8
Q
  • Deficiency in RBC or Hemoglobin (leads to decreased oxygen delivery to tissues) due to Hemorrhage, and Iron deficiency.
  • Person experiences low energy levels
A

Anemia

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9
Q
  • Hereditary (genetics) blood disorder caused by an abnormality in the hemoglobin molecule which leads to the RBC having an abnormal, rigid, sickle-like shape.
  • Associated with severe infections, attacks of severe pain, stroke, and an increased risk of death.
A

Sickle Cell Anemia

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10
Q

What are Leukocytes?

A

White Blood cells

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11
Q
  • Part of the Immune Response
  • Contains a Nucleus
  • Much Larger than RBC
  • The number of these cells double when your body is fighting an infection
A

White Blood cells

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12
Q
  • Cancer of bone marrow (where WBCs are produced).
  • Abnormal increase in production of immature WBCs
  • Weakens the immune system
  • Prevents blood from clotting normally, leading to frequent nosebleeds and bruising.
A

Leukemia

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13
Q

Cell eating

A

Phagocytosis

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14
Q
  • No Nucleus
  • Important role in blood clotting
A

Platelets

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15
Q

After injured blood vessels release chemicals that attract platelets, platelets rupture and release substances that combine with other blood components to produce an enzyme called..

A

Thromboplastin

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16
Q

With the help of Calcium ions, thromboplastin (enzyme) reacts with prothrombin (secreted by the liver), producing..

A

Thrombin

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17
Q

Thrombin reacts with fibrinogen (a protein found in plasma) to produce..

A

Fibrin (Mesh)

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18
Q

What is Fibrin?

A

A spiderman-web-net-mesh thing that prevents blood cells from escaping and forming a clot.

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19
Q

A hereditary (genetic) disease that results from insufficient clotting proteins in the blood.
~increases the risk of bleeding to death upon injury.

A

Hemophilia

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20
Q

When blood clot dislodges it can travel through the body to lodge in a vital organ, this is called..

A

Embolus

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21
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A
  • Transports (nutrients, wastes, and hormones)
  • Homeostatic Regulation (temperature)
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22
Q

What are the two types of Homeostatic Regulation?

A

Vasodilation and Vasoconstriction

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23
Q

When blood vessels expand and move towards the skin to release heat

A

Vasodilation

24
Q

When blood vessels contract and move away from the skin to conserve heat

A

Vasoconstriction

25
Q

High blood pressure and Nicotine will result in..

A

Vasoconstriction

26
Q

Low blood pressure, Exercise, and Alcohol will result in..

A

Vasodilation

27
Q

When body temp falls, which Homeostatic Regulation would happen to raise the body temp back to normal?

A

Vasoconstriction

28
Q

When body temperature rises, which Homeostatic Regulation would happen to lower the body temp back to normal?

A

Vasodilation

29
Q

Network of vessels/nodes closely associated with capillaries.
~Vessels collect lymph fluid, which is similar to plasma
~Lymph helps maintain balance of bodily fluids, bathing cells in interstitial fluid as it mixes with general blood circulation

A

Lymphatic System and Immunity

30
Q
  • Found in intestinal walls
    ~carry some digested fats throughout the body
  • Works with WBCs to protect the body against infection
A

Lymphatic System

31
Q
  • Where white blood cells mature
  • Contain macrophages which trap and destroy bacteria that are circulating within the body
A

Lymph Nodes

32
Q

When you are sick you can sometimes feel the swelling of this behind your jawbone or under your arms.

A

Lymph Glands/Nodes

33
Q

What is the first line of defense?

A

Physical and Chemical Barriers
~Skin, Lysozymes, HCL, and Cilia

34
Q
  • Protective Barrier
  • Acidic enough to inhibit growth of microbes
A

Skin

35
Q
  • Enzyme produced in tears, saliva, mucous, and perspiration.
  • Destroys cell walls of bacteria
A

Lysozymes

36
Q
  • Stomach acid
  • Destroy invading microbes carried in food
A

HCL

37
Q
  • Found in respiratory tract
  • Trap microbes and foreign debris
  • Cough/sneeze to expel
A

Cillia

38
Q

What is the second line of defense?

A
  1. Non-Specific/Cell-Mediated
    Phagocytose-
    ~Monocytes
    ~Macrophages
    ~Neutrophils
  2. Inflammatory Response
39
Q

A non-specific immune response resulting in swelling, redness, heat, and pain.

A

Inflammatory Response

40
Q

System wide defense to more severe damage or infections.
~When neutrophils or macrophages digest invaders, they release chemicals which go to your brain, and increase your temperature, killing many invaders.
~Makes it difficult for bacteria to survive

A

Fever

41
Q

What is the third line of defense?

A

Specific Defenses/Antibody Mediated Immunity

42
Q

Immunity by lymphocytes target pathogens according to the specific markers they present..

A
  1. B Cells - mature in the bone marrow
  2. T Cells - mature in the thymus gland
  3. Antibodies
43
Q

What are the different types of T-Cells?

A

Helper T-Cells, Killer T-Cells, Suppressor T-Cells, and Memory T-Cells

44
Q

This T-cell analyses pathogens broken down by phagocytes and recruit B-cells to help identify the foreign particles.

A

Helper T-cells

45
Q

This T-cell recognises cells infected by a VIRUS and/or cancerous human cells and destroy them.

A

Killer T-cells

46
Q

This T-cell monitors killer T-cells to make sure they do not destroy healthy tissues.

A

Suppressor T-cells

47
Q

This T-cell does not respond on first exposure, but remain in blood for future invasion.

A

Memory T-cells

48
Q

Recruited to the site of phagocytosis by T-cells, where they become activated and divide into two types of B-cells. What are the two types?

A

Plasma Cells, and Memory B-Cells

49
Q

Produces antibodies that recognise and attach to the antigens of specific pathogens, essentially slowing the pathogen down and marking it for destruction by phagocytes.

A

Plasma Cells (A type of B-Cell)

50
Q

Why do Antibodies (produced by plasma cells) stay in the bloodstream?

A

So next time the pathogen enters the bloodstream, phagocytes can quickly destroy it.

51
Q

Why do Memory B-cells remain in the bloodstream?

A

So if they ever encounter that pathogen again, they can quickly call a phagocyte to the scene.

52
Q

Proteins that recognize the antigens displayed by foreign particles and trigger a series of events to quickly neutralize or destroy them

A

Antibodies

53
Q

Generated after WBCs destroy pathogens through phagocytosis.

A

Antibodies

54
Q

What happens during immune response to antigen on FIRST exposure?

A

Immune response takes time to produce the Antibodies necessary to fight the infection.

55
Q

What happens during immune response to antigen on SECOND exposure?

A

The response is more rapid and generates higher levels of antibodies

Biology 20 (20 decks)

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