Blood and The Immune System Flashcards
55% of blood is fluid called..
Plasma
Contains 90% water, Proteins, Glucose, Vitamins, Minerals, and Dissolved gases.
Plasma
45% of blood is composed of blood cells which are..
Red Blood cells (RBC), White Blood cells (WBC), and Platelets (Platelets)
What are Erythrocytes?
Red Blood Cells
- Biconcave discs
- No Nucleus
- Produced in bone marrow
- live about 120 days
- 5 million are produced every minute
Red Blood Cells
Why are Red Blood cells biconcave?
- To optimise the flow properties of the blood in the large vessels.
- Increases surface area to volume ratio for gas diffusion.
Why do Red Blood cells lack a Nucleus?
- Allows room for cells to carry hemoglobin (the protein that is responsible for delivery of oxygen to the tissues).
- Deficiency in RBC or Hemoglobin (leads to decreased oxygen delivery to tissues) due to Hemorrhage, and Iron deficiency.
- Person experiences low energy levels
Anemia
- Hereditary (genetics) blood disorder caused by an abnormality in the hemoglobin molecule which leads to the RBC having an abnormal, rigid, sickle-like shape.
- Associated with severe infections, attacks of severe pain, stroke, and an increased risk of death.
Sickle Cell Anemia
What are Leukocytes?
White Blood cells
- Part of the Immune Response
- Contains a Nucleus
- Much Larger than RBC
- The number of these cells double when your body is fighting an infection
White Blood cells
- Cancer of bone marrow (where WBCs are produced).
- Abnormal increase in production of immature WBCs
- Weakens the immune system
- Prevents blood from clotting normally, leading to frequent nosebleeds and bruising.
Leukemia
Cell eating
Phagocytosis
- No Nucleus
- Important role in blood clotting
Platelets
After injured blood vessels release chemicals that attract platelets, platelets rupture and release substances that combine with other blood components to produce an enzyme called..
Thromboplastin
With the help of Calcium ions, thromboplastin (enzyme) reacts with prothrombin (secreted by the liver), producing..
Thrombin
Thrombin reacts with fibrinogen (a protein found in plasma) to produce..
Fibrin (Mesh)
What is Fibrin?
A spiderman-web-net-mesh thing that prevents blood cells from escaping and forming a clot.
A hereditary (genetic) disease that results from insufficient clotting proteins in the blood.
~increases the risk of bleeding to death upon injury.
Hemophilia
When blood clot dislodges it can travel through the body to lodge in a vital organ, this is called..
Embolus
What are the functions of blood?
- Transports (nutrients, wastes, and hormones)
- Homeostatic Regulation (temperature)
What are the two types of Homeostatic Regulation?
Vasodilation and Vasoconstriction
When blood vessels expand and move towards the skin to release heat
Vasodilation
When blood vessels contract and move away from the skin to conserve heat
Vasoconstriction
High blood pressure and Nicotine will result in..
Vasoconstriction
Low blood pressure, Exercise, and Alcohol will result in..
Vasodilation
When body temp falls, which Homeostatic Regulation would happen to raise the body temp back to normal?
Vasoconstriction
When body temperature rises, which Homeostatic Regulation would happen to lower the body temp back to normal?
Vasodilation
Network of vessels/nodes closely associated with capillaries.
~Vessels collect lymph fluid, which is similar to plasma
~Lymph helps maintain balance of bodily fluids, bathing cells in interstitial fluid as it mixes with general blood circulation
Lymphatic System and Immunity
- Found in intestinal walls
~carry some digested fats throughout the body - Works with WBCs to protect the body against infection
Lymphatic System
- Where white blood cells mature
- Contain macrophages which trap and destroy bacteria that are circulating within the body
Lymph Nodes
When you are sick you can sometimes feel the swelling of this behind your jawbone or under your arms.
Lymph Glands/Nodes
What is the first line of defense?
Physical and Chemical Barriers
~Skin, Lysozymes, HCL, and Cilia
- Protective Barrier
- Acidic enough to inhibit growth of microbes
Skin
- Enzyme produced in tears, saliva, mucous, and perspiration.
- Destroys cell walls of bacteria
Lysozymes
- Stomach acid
- Destroy invading microbes carried in food
HCL
- Found in respiratory tract
- Trap microbes and foreign debris
- Cough/sneeze to expel
Cillia
What is the second line of defense?
- Non-Specific/Cell-Mediated
Phagocytose-
~Monocytes
~Macrophages
~Neutrophils - Inflammatory Response
A non-specific immune response resulting in swelling, redness, heat, and pain.
Inflammatory Response
System wide defense to more severe damage or infections.
~When neutrophils or macrophages digest invaders, they release chemicals which go to your brain, and increase your temperature, killing many invaders.
~Makes it difficult for bacteria to survive
Fever
What is the third line of defense?
Specific Defenses/Antibody Mediated Immunity
Immunity by lymphocytes target pathogens according to the specific markers they present..
- B Cells - mature in the bone marrow
- T Cells - mature in the thymus gland
- Antibodies
What are the different types of T-Cells?
Helper T-Cells, Killer T-Cells, Suppressor T-Cells, and Memory T-Cells
This T-cell analyses pathogens broken down by phagocytes and recruit B-cells to help identify the foreign particles.
Helper T-cells
This T-cell recognises cells infected by a VIRUS and/or cancerous human cells and destroy them.
Killer T-cells
This T-cell monitors killer T-cells to make sure they do not destroy healthy tissues.
Suppressor T-cells
This T-cell does not respond on first exposure, but remain in blood for future invasion.
Memory T-cells
Recruited to the site of phagocytosis by T-cells, where they become activated and divide into two types of B-cells. What are the two types?
Plasma Cells, and Memory B-Cells
Produces antibodies that recognise and attach to the antigens of specific pathogens, essentially slowing the pathogen down and marking it for destruction by phagocytes.
Plasma Cells (A type of B-Cell)
Why do Antibodies (produced by plasma cells) stay in the bloodstream?
So next time the pathogen enters the bloodstream, phagocytes can quickly destroy it.
Why do Memory B-cells remain in the bloodstream?
So if they ever encounter that pathogen again, they can quickly call a phagocyte to the scene.
Proteins that recognize the antigens displayed by foreign particles and trigger a series of events to quickly neutralize or destroy them
Antibodies
Generated after WBCs destroy pathogens through phagocytosis.
Antibodies
What happens during immune response to antigen on FIRST exposure?
Immune response takes time to produce the Antibodies necessary to fight the infection.
What happens during immune response to antigen on SECOND exposure?
The response is more rapid and generates higher levels of antibodies