Blood and The Immune System

Question 1

55% of blood is fluid called..

Answer 1

Plasma

Question 2

Contains 90% water, Proteins, Glucose, Vitamins, Minerals, and Dissolved gases.

Answer 2

Plasma

Question 3

45% of blood is composed of blood cells which are..

Answer 3

Red Blood cells (RBC), White Blood cells (WBC), and Platelets (Platelets)

Question 4

What are Erythrocytes?

Answer 4

Red Blood Cells

Question 5

• Biconcave discs
• No Nucleus
• Produced in bone marrow
• live about 120 days
• 5 million are produced every minute

Answer 5

Red Blood Cells

Question 6

Why are Red Blood cells biconcave?

Answer 6

• To optimise the flow properties of the blood in the large vessels.
• Increases surface area to volume ratio for gas diffusion.

Question 7

Why do Red Blood cells lack a Nucleus?

Answer 7

• Allows room for cells to carry hemoglobin (the protein that is responsible for delivery of oxygen to the tissues).

Question 8

• Deficiency in RBC or Hemoglobin (leads to decreased oxygen delivery to tissues) due to Hemorrhage, and Iron deficiency.
• Person experiences low energy levels

Answer 8

Anemia

Question 9

• Hereditary (genetics) blood disorder caused by an abnormality in the hemoglobin molecule which leads to the RBC having an abnormal, rigid, sickle-like shape.
• Associated with severe infections, attacks of severe pain, stroke, and an increased risk of death.

Answer 9

Sickle Cell Anemia

Question 10

What are Leukocytes?

Answer 10

White Blood cells

Question 11

• Part of the Immune Response
• Contains a Nucleus
• Much Larger than RBC
• The number of these cells double when your body is fighting an infection

Answer 11

White Blood cells

Question 12

• Cancer of bone marrow (where WBCs are produced).
• Abnormal increase in production of immature WBCs
• Weakens the immune system
• Prevents blood from clotting normally, leading to frequent nosebleeds and bruising.

Answer 12

Leukemia

Question 13

Cell eating

Answer 13

Phagocytosis

Question 14

• No Nucleus
• Important role in blood clotting

Answer 14

Platelets

Question 15

After injured blood vessels release chemicals that attract platelets, platelets rupture and release substances that combine with other blood components to produce an enzyme called..

Answer 15

Thromboplastin

Question 16

With the help of Calcium ions, thromboplastin (enzyme) reacts with prothrombin (secreted by the liver), producing..

Answer 16

Thrombin

Question 17

Thrombin reacts with fibrinogen (a protein found in plasma) to produce..

Answer 17

Fibrin (Mesh)

Question 18

What is Fibrin?

Answer 18

A spiderman-web-net-mesh thing that prevents blood cells from escaping and forming a clot.

Question 19

A hereditary (genetic) disease that results from insufficient clotting proteins in the blood.
~increases the risk of bleeding to death upon injury.

Answer 19

Hemophilia

Question 20

When blood clot dislodges it can travel through the body to lodge in a vital organ, this is called..

Answer 20

Embolus

Question 21

What are the functions of blood?

Answer 21

• Transports (nutrients, wastes, and hormones)
• Homeostatic Regulation (temperature)

Question 22

What are the two types of Homeostatic Regulation?

Answer 22

Vasodilation and Vasoconstriction

Question 23

When blood vessels expand and move towards the skin to release heat

Answer 23

Vasodilation

Question 24

When blood vessels contract and move away from the skin to conserve heat

Answer 24

Vasoconstriction

Question 25

High blood pressure and Nicotine will result in..

Answer 25

Vasoconstriction

Question 26

Low blood pressure, Exercise, and Alcohol will result in..

Answer 26

Vasodilation

Question 27

When body temp falls, which Homeostatic Regulation would happen to raise the body temp back to normal?

Answer 27

Vasoconstriction

Question 28

When body temperature rises, which Homeostatic Regulation would happen to lower the body temp back to normal?

Answer 28

Vasodilation

Question 29

Network of vessels/nodes closely associated with capillaries. ~Vessels collect lymph fluid, which is similar to plasma ~Lymph helps maintain balance of bodily fluids, bathing cells in interstitial fluid as it mixes with general blood circulation

Answer 29

Lymphatic System and Immunity

Question 30

- Found in intestinal walls ~carry some digested fats throughout the body - Works with WBCs to protect the body against infection

Answer 30

Lymphatic System

Question 31

- Where white blood cells mature - Contain macrophages which trap and destroy bacteria that are circulating within the body

Answer 31

Lymph Nodes

Question 32

When you are sick you can sometimes feel the swelling of this behind your jawbone or under your arms.

Answer 32

Lymph Glands/Nodes

Question 33

What is the first line of defense?

Answer 33

Physical and Chemical Barriers ~Skin, Lysozymes, HCL, and Cilia

Question 34

- Protective Barrier - Acidic enough to inhibit growth of microbes

Answer 34

Skin

Question 35

- Enzyme produced in tears, saliva, mucous, and perspiration. - Destroys cell walls of bacteria

Answer 35

Lysozymes

Question 36

- Stomach acid - Destroy invading microbes carried in food

Answer 36

HCL

Question 37

- Found in respiratory tract - Trap microbes and foreign debris - Cough/sneeze to expel

Answer 37

Cillia

Question 38

What is the second line of defense?

Answer 38

1. Non-Specific/Cell-Mediated Phagocytose- ~Monocytes ~Macrophages ~Neutrophils 2. Inflammatory Response

Question 39

A non-specific immune response resulting in swelling, redness, heat, and pain.

Answer 39

Inflammatory Response

Question 40

System wide defense to more severe damage or infections. ~When neutrophils or macrophages digest invaders, they release chemicals which go to your brain, and increase your temperature, killing many invaders. ~Makes it difficult for bacteria to survive

Answer 40

Fever

Question 41

What is the third line of defense?

Answer 41

Specific Defenses/Antibody Mediated Immunity

Question 42

Immunity by lymphocytes target pathogens according to the specific markers they present..

Answer 42

1. B Cells - mature in the bone marrow 2. T Cells - mature in the thymus gland 3. Antibodies

Question 43

What are the different types of T-Cells?

Answer 43

Helper T-Cells, Killer T-Cells, Suppressor T-Cells, and Memory T-Cells

Question 44

This T-cell analyses pathogens broken down by phagocytes and recruit B-cells to help identify the foreign particles.

Answer 44

Helper T-cells

Question 45

This T-cell recognises cells infected by a VIRUS and/or cancerous human cells and destroy them.

Answer 45

Killer T-cells

Question 46

This T-cell monitors killer T-cells to make sure they do not destroy healthy tissues.

Answer 46

Suppressor T-cells

Question 47

This T-cell does not respond on first exposure, but remain in blood for future invasion.

Answer 47

Memory T-cells

Question 48

Recruited to the site of phagocytosis by T-cells, where they become activated and divide into two types of B-cells. What are the two types?

Answer 48

Plasma Cells, and Memory B-Cells

Question 49

Produces antibodies that recognise and attach to the antigens of specific pathogens, essentially slowing the pathogen down and marking it for destruction by phagocytes.

Answer 49

Plasma Cells (A type of B-Cell)

Question 50

Why do Antibodies (produced by plasma cells) stay in the bloodstream?

Answer 50

So next time the pathogen enters the bloodstream, phagocytes can quickly destroy it.

Question 51

Why do Memory B-cells remain in the bloodstream?

Answer 51

So if they ever encounter that pathogen again, they can quickly call a phagocyte to the scene.

Question 52

Proteins that recognize the antigens displayed by foreign particles and trigger a series of events to quickly neutralize or destroy them

Answer 52

Antibodies

Question 53

Generated after WBCs destroy pathogens through phagocytosis.

Answer 53

Antibodies

Question 54

What happens during immune response to antigen on FIRST exposure?

Answer 54

Immune response takes time to produce the Antibodies necessary to fight the infection.

Question 55

What happens during immune response to antigen on SECOND exposure?

Answer 55

The response is more rapid and generates higher levels of antibodies