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Biology 20 > Muscle Anatomy + Sliding Filament Theory > Flashcards

Muscle Anatomy + Sliding Filament Theory Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the muscle pairs?

A

Agonistic and Antagonistic

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2
Q

Muscle contracts

A

Agonistic

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3
Q

Muscle relaxes or lengthens

A

Antagonistic

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4
Q

Muscles that bend a limb

A

Flexor

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5
Q

Muscles that straighten a limb

A

Extensors

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6
Q

Muscles that cause movement in opposite directions

A

Antagonist

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7
Q

Muscle to Bone

A

Tendons

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8
Q

Bone to Bone

A

Ligaments

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9
Q

What are the 3 types of Muscle Cells?

A

Cardiac, Skeletal, and Smooth

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10
Q

Which Muscle cell is this?
-Only found in the heart (covers the walls)
-Tubular, striped, branched

A

Cardiac Muscle

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11
Q

Which Muscle cell is this?
-Lines blood vessels, tubes, and walls of internal organs (ex. esophagus, stomach)
-Non-striped and spindle-shaped

A

Smooth Muscle

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12
Q

Which Muscle cell is this?
-All over the body;attached to bones.
-Many nuclei
-Tubular and striped
-Very long
-Supports the body

A

Skeletal Muscle

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13
Q

What is the Order of Components in the skeletal muscles? (Largest to Smallest)

A

Muscle > Muscle Fiber Bundle > Muscle Fiber > Myofibril > Myofilaments

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14
Q

Muscles are made up of bundles of muscle fibres, which are made up of..

A

Myofibrils

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15
Q

The membrane that encloses the muscle fibers.

A

Sarcolemma

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16
Q

Within the Muscle Fibers are tiny ____________ bundled together.

A

Myofilaments

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17
Q

Threadlike structures of contractile proteins found within the muscle.

A

Myofilaments

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18
Q

Thin Myofilaments are composed of..

A

Actin

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19
Q

Thick Myofilaments are composed of..

A

Myosin

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20
Q

The functional/contractile unit/Basic, repeating unit of a muscle cell

A

Sarcomere

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21
Q

The length of the Muscle Fibre that anchors the Actin Fibres.
One to One = 1 Sarcomere

A

Z Line

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22
Q

Full length of the thick Myosin Filaments, including the part that is overlapped with Actin Filaments (aka dark band)

A

A Band

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23
Q

Thin Actin Filaments (aka light band)

A

i / I Band

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24
Q

In middle of A Band where only thick Filaments are found

A

H Zone

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25
Q

Center of H Zone where thick Filaments are bound in the center

A

M Line

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26
Q

Spaces where thick and thin overlap and attach to each other
~Myosin Heads attach onto Actin Filaments

A

Cross-Bridges

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27
Q

Cytoplasm of Muscle Fibre

A

Sarcoplasm

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28
Q

Storage sites for Calcium; surrounds Myofibrils

A

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

29
Q

What are the components of Actin Filament?

A

Tropomyosin, and Troponin

30
Q

Long protein filament that blocks or exposes the binding sites for Myosin Heads.
~Bands that run along the length of the Actin Filament

A

Tropomyosin

31
Q

A protein attached to Tropomyosin.
~Attachment site for Ca2+ ions (which are necessary for muscle contractions).
~IS LIKE GLUE

A

Troponin

32
Q

The Sliding Filament Theory is how muscle ____________ occur

A

contractions

33
Q

(True or False) Z-lines move closer together during the Sliding Filament Theory (muscle contraction).

A

True

34
Q

(True or False) Sarcomeres shorten during the Sliding Filament Theory (muscle contraction).

A

True

35
Q

(True or False) Actin Filaments slide over Myosin Filaments during the Sliding Filament Theory (muscle contraction).

A

True

36
Q

(True or False) Actin and Myosin Filaments change length during the Sliding Filament Theory (muscle contraction).

A

FALSE!!!!! THEY DO NOT CHANGE LENGTHS!!!!

37
Q

(True or False) The energy for muscle contraction comes from ATP.

A

True

38
Q

The state when the Myosin head is not contacting the Actin, Calcium is absent, and the Tropomyosin is blocking the Myosin-binding sites on Actin.

A

Relaxed State

39
Q

During Cross Bridge, _______ ions are released from the Sarcolemma upon stimulation.

A

Calcium Ions

40
Q

What happens to the Troponin (glue) when Calcium binds to it during Cross Bridge?

A

The Troponin becomes unsticky, changing its shape and moves the Tropomyosin away from the Myosin-binding site on the Actin.

41
Q

After Calcium binds to the Troponin during Cross Bridge and moves the Tropomyosin away, what happens to the Myosin heads?

A

The Myosin heads attach to the exposed binding sites on the Actin Filaments.

42
Q

What happens during Power Stroke? (Step 2 of the Sliding Filament Theory)

A

The Myosin head pulls back and moves the Actin with it.

43
Q

What step of the Sliding Filament Theory is Cross Bridge?

A

Step 1!!

44
Q

What happens during Detachment? (Step 3 of the Sliding Filament Theory)

A

ATP binds to the Myosin heads causing the Myosin to let go of the Actin.

45
Q

What is the fourth and last step of the Sliding Filament Theory?

A

Hydrolysis

46
Q

a reaction in which a water molecule is used during the breakdown.

A

Hydrolysis

47
Q

When it binds to the Myosin, ATP breaks down into ADP, Pi, and energy.

A

Hydrolysis

48
Q

During Hydrolysis, Calcium detaches from Troponin and is __________.

A

Reabsorbed

49
Q

During Hydrolysis (The last step in the Sliding Filament Theory), what happens to the Tropomyosin?

A

The Tropomyosin moves back to its original position and blocks the Myosin binding site again.

50
Q

During Hydrolysis, creatine Phosphate regenerates ___.

A

ATP

51
Q

means ‘No Oxygen’

A

Anaerobic

52
Q

means ‘With Oxygen’

A

Aerobic

53
Q

What are the 3 ways energy is made for Muscle Contraction?

A
  1. Breakdown of creatine phosphate (anaerobic)
  2. Aerobic Cellular Respiration
  3. Lactic Acid Fermentation (anaerobic)
54
Q

-High-energy compound that builds up when muscle is resting.
-The fastest way to make ATP available to muscles

A

Creatine Phosphate

55
Q

-Provides enough energy for about 8 seconds of intense activity, and then it is spent.
-Supplies a Phosphate to ADP

A

Creatine Phosphate

56
Q

Creatine Phosphate is a way to get ATP before O2 enters the..

A

Mitochondria

57
Q

-Takes place in the Mitochondria
-Provides MOST of the muscle’s ATP

A

Aerobic Cellular Respiration

58
Q

During this, Glycogen and Fats are stored in muscle cells to be used as fuel to produce ATP when oxygen is available.

A

Aerobic Cellular Respiration

59
Q

During Aerobic Cellular Respiration, Myoglobin in muscle cells stores ______ to use during muscle contractions.

A

Oxygen

60
Q

During Aerobic Cellular Respiration, CO2, Water, and Heat are produced as..

A

Wastes!!!

61
Q

-Supplies ATP in the Absence of Oxygen.
-Produces Lactate which makes the Sarcoplasm more acidic.
-Results in Oxygen deficit

A

Lactic Acid Fermentation

62
Q

During Lactic Acid Fermentation, the accumulation of Lactate for longer than two minutes causes..

A

Cramping and Fatigue

63
Q

When energy demand exceeds ATP supply, and lactic acid accumulates.

A

Oxygen Debt

64
Q

Cramping results from the lack of..

A

ATP

65
Q

One reason why ATP is needed is to pump Calcium ions back into the Sarcoplasmic _________.

A

Reticulum

66
Q

Another reason why ATP is needed is to break the linkages between Actin and Myosin so the Muscle Fibres can..

A

Relax

67
Q

What does replenishing an oxygen deficit require?

A

Replenishing Creatine Phosphate supplies, and disposing of Lactate.

68
Q

When ATP production is gone and skeletal muscle becomes fixed (body stiff as a board).
~Moments up to 60 hrs after death
~Cross-Bridges fail to detach

A

Rigor Mortis

69
Q

Rapid breathing after exercise is designed to repay..

A

Oxygen Debt

Biology 20 (20 decks)

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