Respiration Unit Flashcards
What does the Earth’s atmosphere consist of?
78% Nitrogen, 21% Oxygen, and 1% Other gasses (CO2, H2O, etc)
What is required for Cellular Respiration to happen?
Oxygen
The movement of air from the environment into the body.
Breathing
Involves the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between cells and the environment.
Respiration
Exchange of gases between the lungs and the circulatory system
External Respiration
Exchange of gases between the circulatory system and tissues/cells
Internal Respiration
What are the order of respiration? (Internal, External, Cellular, Breathing)
Breathing –> External Respiration –> Internal Respiration –> Cellular Respiration
In small aquatic organisms, gases diffuse directly between the ___________ and all body ____.
Environment, Body
A respiratory structure must have..
- ____ walls
- Kept _____
- Richly supplied with _____ _______
- Have a large surface ____
Thin, Moist, Blood vessels, Area
The respiratory tract is protected by muscular and bone structure called what?
Thoracic Cavity
What structures are part of the upper airway?
- Nasal Passage
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Epiglottis
What structures are part of the lower airway?
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Alveoli
- Diaphragm
- Rib Muscles
- Pleural Membrane
Air enters the body through what structures?
The Mouth and Nasal passage
What is the role of the Nasal Passage?
- Serves to warm, moisten, and filter air
What does the Nasal Passage contain?
Cilia and Mucus
Passageway for air in the respiratory system and food for the digestive system
- Branches at the back of the throat into the Trachea and the Esophagus
Pharynx (aka throat)
Cartilage flap “trap door”
- Normally upright when breathing
- Closes over the opening to the Trachea, when a person swallows so food doesn’t enter the Trachea
Epiglottis
Where is the Epiglottis located?
Behind the tongue, in front of the Larynx
“Voice box”.
- Cartilage, contains vocal cords
Larynx
When breathing, there is a _____ ___ between vocal chords
Large Gap
When talking, muscles contract and vocal cords move closer together and _______ to make sound.
Vibrate
What causes different sounds in the Larynx?
Different tension of the ligaments as air passes by.
Longer cords = Lower sound
Shorter cords = Higher sound
Why does your voice get deeper when your sick?
The inflammation of vocal cords produce lower frequency vibrations (so, a deeper voice).
“Windpipe”
- Contains Mucus-producing cells
- Traps particles not trapped by Nasal Passage
- Surrounded by semicircular, cartilaginous arches
- Open part of semicircle faces esophagus and allows esophagus to expand when food is being swallowed.
Trachea
Why are there semicircular cartilaginous arches?
Helps keep the Trachea open and prevents it from collapsing
Trachea branches into two smaller passageways –> ______
Bronchi (singular: bronchus)
- Enters left and right Lungs
- Lined with Cilia and Mucus producing cells
- Contains Cartilage
Bronchi
Bronchi subdivide into smaller branches called what?
Bronchioles
Smooth muscle; lack of Cartilage
- Lined with Cilia and Mucus producing cells.
Bronchioles
What is Bronchioles’ function?
Trap foreign particles and pathogens and move them up the respiratory tract
Each Bronchiole ends in a tiny cluster of sacs called what?
Alveoli (singular; alveolus)
What are Alveoli for?
Gas diffusion / Gas exchange
Each lung contains about 150 million
- One cell thick for gas diffusion
- Surrounded by capillaries also one cell thick
- Lined with lubricating film
- Site of Gas Exchange
Alveoli
(Diffusion of Gases)
O2 that is breathed IN, moves from within the Alveoli to the ___________.
Capillaries
(Diffusion of Gases)
CO2 moves from the capillaries to the _______ to be breathed OUT
Alveoli
Alveoli during __________
Alveoli collapse; Membrane touch
- Don’t stick to each other due to a film of fat and protein called Lipoprotein
Exhalation
A film of fat and protein which prevents Alveoli membranes from sticking to each other when exhaling.
Lipoprotein
What happens to the Alveoli during Inhalation?
The Alveoli reopen
Some babies don’t produce enough Lipoprotein and have trouble opening their Alveoli upon Inhalation. This condition is known as what?
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Surrounds outer surface of the lungs and inner wall of the chest cavity.
- Space between it is fluid filled and prevents friction during Inhalation
Pleural Membrane
Pressure difference between the __________ and the _____ ______ determines the movement of air.
Atmosphere and the Chest Cavity
Gases move from ____ to ___ pressure
High to Low!!
Occurs when the pressure in the lungs is Lower than the atmospheric pressure
Inhalation
Occurs when the pressure in the lungs is Higher than the atmospheric pressure
Exhalation
Dome shaped muscle
- Separates organs of Thorax from Abdomen
- Regulates the pressure in the lungs with assistance from Intercostal Muscles
Diaphragm
Muscle between ribs that assists Diaphragm with regulating the pressure in Lungs (breathing process).
Intercostal Muscles
As volume increases, pressure _________
decreases
During Inhalation, Diaphragm _________ , pulling _________.
contracts, downwards
During Inhalation, Intercostal Muscles contract, pulling the ribs __ and ___.
up, out
During Inhalation, Thoracic volume _________ and Thoracic pressure _________.
Increases, Deceases
During Inhalation, Lung volume _________ and pressure in the Lungs _________.
Increases, Decreases
During Inhalation, is the pressure in the Lungs higher or lower than the environment?
Lower
During Exhalation, Diaphragm _______ , pulling ______.
Relaxes, Upward
During Exhalation, Intercostal Muscles relax, pulling the ribcage ____.
Falls
During Exhalation, Thoracic volume _________ and Thoracic pressure _________.
Decreases, Increases
During Exhalation, Lung volume _________ and pressure in the Lungs _________.
Decreases, Increases
During Exhalation, is the pressure in the Lungs higher or lower than the environment?
Higher
What is the typical tidal volume for humans? (in mL)
500 mL
What is the typical expiratory reserve volume for humans? (in mL)
1200 mL
What is the typical vital capacity for humans? (in mL)
4800 mL
Volume of air that is inhaled and exhaled in a normal breath at rest.
Tidal Volume
Additional volume of air that can be taken into the lungs, beyond a regular or tidal inhalation.
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
The additional volume of air that can be forced out of the lungs beyond a regular or tidal exhalation.
Expiratory Reserve Volume
The total volume of gas that can be moved into or out of the lungs. It can be calculated as Tidal Volume + Inspiratory Reserve + Expiratory Reserve.
Vital Capacity
The amount of gas that remains in the Lungs and the passageways of the Respiratory System even after full Exhalation. This gas never leaves, if it did, the Lungs and Respiratory passageways would collapse.
Residual Volume
“Collapsed Lung”
- Air leaks into the space between your Lung and Chest Wall.
- This air pushes on the outside of your lung and makes it collapse.
- Chest tube inserted to release air and equalize pressure.
Pneumothorax
What is Dalton’s law?
Each gas in a mixture exerts its own pressure (partial pressure).
Gasses will diffuse from areas of ______ partial pressures to areas of _____ partial pressures.
Higher to Lower
External Respiration enriches the blood with __, and cleanses the blood of ___.
O2, CO2
Aith breathed into the Lungs has a ______ PO2 (partial pressure of O2) than blood in the Pulmonary Arteries.
Higher
During External Respiration, O2 diffuses out of the air in the Lungs and into the _______.
Alveoli
Blood flowing into Pulmonary Capillaries has a ______ PCO2 (partial pressure of CO2) than the air in the Lungs.
Higher
During External Respiration, CO2 diffuses out of the Blood and into the _______.
Alveoli
After External Respiration, Internal Respiration begins. The blood in the capillaries then goes back to the heart and is circulated to the ______ _____, where internal respiration occurs and CO2 and O2 is exchanged again.
Tissue Cells
Where does Internal Respiration occur?
Body Tissues, where cells release carbon dioxide and take in oxygen from the blood.
99% of O2 is transported on a molecule called what?
Hemoglobin
Which cells are the only ones that have Hemoglobin?
Red Blood Cells!!
99% of O2 is transported but where does the other 1% go?
The rest is dissolved in Blood Plasma
CO2 Transport in the Blood
__% of CO2 is carried by Hemoglobin
_% is carried in Plasma
__% combines with water and forms carbonic acid
23%, 7%, 70%
High [H+] = Low pH = Acidic
Therefore, high [CO2] in blood = ?
Acidic
During exercise, body cells use oxygen to break down organic molecules. CO2 levels ____ in the cell and CO2 ________ into the blood.
Rise, Diffuse
During exercise, Chemoreceptors in the Medulla Oblongata detect high levels of CO2 in the blood. A nerve impulse is sent to which structures to increase breathing movements?
Intercostal Muscles and Diaphragm
Breathing movements are controlled by nerves from what in the brain?
Medulla Oblongata
What does Blood Doping increase?
the amount of Hemoglobin in the Bloodstream, which allows higher amounts of oxygen to reach and fuel an athlete’s muscles.
Why do athletes Blood Dope?
To improve stamina and performance, particularly in long-distance events such as running or cycling.
At high altitudes lower atmospheric pressure makes it more difficult for O2 to enter our lungs. What does our body do to counter the low oxygen?
The blood produces more Red Blood Cells to counter the lower oxygen saturation in the blood.
All respiratory disorders decrease __ delivery to tissues.
O2
Inflammation of the Larynx due to viral infection, or over straining your voice.
- Vocal cords can no longer vibrate together; hoarse voice or no voice
Laryngitis
A disease that occurs when the Alveoli in the lungs become inflamed and fill with liquid.
- Interferes with gas exchange; caused by bacteria or virus
Pneumonia
Bronchi become inflamed and filled with mucus, which is expelled by coughing.
- Narrowing of air passages = harder to breathe
- Acute –> due to bacterial infection
- Chronic –> regular exposure to irritants/foreign bodies can damage Cilia (smoking)
Bronchitis
An obstructive respiratory disorder in which the walls of the Alveoli lose elasticity.
- Exhalation becomes difficult due to loss of elasticity; Almost all cases caused by smoking.
Emphysema
A constant inflammation in airways.
Triggers = pollen, dust, cigarette smoke, air pollutants.
Asthma attack = Bronchi and Bronchioles swell, the bronchial muscles tighten, and Mucus production increases.
Obstructed Airways –> difficult or impossible to breathe.
Asthma
A serious genetic condition that affects the Lungs caused by an abnormal gene that disrupts the function of the Cells Lining the passageways of the Lungs.
- Causes thick and sticky Mucus
- Thick Mucus traps pathogens but they cannot be expelled = repeated infections and trouble breathing
Cystic Fibrosis
Uncontrolled and Invasive growth of abnormal cells in the lungs.
- Tumors reduce surface available for Gas Exchange and may stop air from entering the Bronchioles.
- Caused by Carcinogens (cancer causing agents) –> Tobacco Smoke
Lung Cancer
