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Biology 20 > Ingestion + Digestion > Flashcards

Ingestion + Digestion Flashcards

1
Q

Taking in Nutrients

A

Ingestion

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2
Q

Breakdown of Nutrients

A

Digestion

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3
Q

What are the two types of digestion?

A
  1. Physical/Mechanical Digestion
  2. Chemical (enzymes) Digestion
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4
Q

Transportation of digested nutrients via blood

A

Absorption

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5
Q

Removal of undigested waste

A

Elimination

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6
Q

The human digestive tract is how long?

A

About 6.5m to 9m long

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7
Q

What are the 4 components of Digestion?

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Digestion
  3. Absorption
  4. Elimination
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8
Q

What type of Digestion is the mouth?

A

Physical/Chemical Digestion

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9
Q

Where does digestion begin?

A

In the Mouth

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10
Q

Food is chewed to form a what?

A

Bolus

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11
Q

Breaking down food into smaller pieces increases what for chemical digestion?

A

Surface Area

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12
Q

Fluid produced by Salvary Glands

A

Saliva

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13
Q

What are the two functions of Saliva?

A
  1. Contains Salivary Amylase enzymes which breaks down complex carbs (chemical digestion)
  2. Dissolves food particles (flavour receptors on tongue, lubricates food)
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14
Q

Tube from mouth to stomach

A

Esophagus

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15
Q

Food bolus enters the esophagus and activates what?

A
  1. Walls of the esophagus to stretch
  2. Peristalsis
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16
Q

What is it called when the smooth muscle that lines the esophagus involuntarily contracts to help move the food?

A

Peristalsis

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17
Q

Food entry into the stomach is controlled by the ring like muscular structure called what?

A

Esophageal Sphincter

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18
Q
  • J-shaped organ
  • Site of food storage and initial (chemical) protein digestion
A

Stomach

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19
Q

What is the pH range in the stomach?

A

1.0 to 3.0 (Acidic)

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20
Q

The folded layers in the stomach increases what?

A

Surface Area

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21
Q

How is physical digestion happening in the stomach?

A

Churning of food by stomach muscles

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22
Q

What controls the emptying of stomach contents into the small intestine?

A

Pyloric Sphincter

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23
Q

What secrets Gastric Juices?

A

Cells lining the stomach

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24
Q

What contributes to the chemical digestion of food and converts it into Chyme?

A

Stomach

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25
Q

Kills harmful substances and converts pepsinogen into its active form “pepsin”

A

HCL (Hydrochloric Acid)

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26
Q

Protein digesting enzyme

A

Pepsin

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27
Q

Protective alkaline layer that prevents stomach from being broken down by HCL (catalyst for pepsinogen)

A

Mucus

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28
Q

What is it called when the Mucous layer in the stomach breaks down and the stomach wall is exposed to HCL and pepsin?

A

Ulcers

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29
Q

What are the 3 sections the Small Intestine is composed of?

A
  1. Duodenum
  2. Jejunum
  3. Ileum
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30
Q

What is the first part of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum

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31
Q

Which section of the Small Intestine is where most digestion occurs?

A

The Duodenum

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32
Q

Chyme (from stomach) moves through the Small Intestine by what?

A

Peristalsis

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33
Q

Physical Digestion = ____________ = Chyme sloshing back and forth

A

Segmentation

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34
Q

Ridged inner lining of the Small Intestine are covered in tiny projections called what?

A

Villi

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35
Q

What are Villi covered in?

A

Microvilli

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36
Q

What does Villi and Microvilli increase in the Small Intestine?

A

Absorptive Surface Area

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37
Q

Each Villus (Villi) is supplied with capillary network and lymph vessels called what?

A

Lacteals

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38
Q

Lacteals transport products of what?

A

Fat Digestion

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39
Q

Allows fluid and gas exchange to occur with the blood stream

A

Capillary

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40
Q

Releases enzymes to the Small Intestine

A

Pancreas

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41
Q

What do the Enzymes released by Pancreas chemically digest?

A
  1. Proteins (by Trypsin)
  2. Carbs (by Amylase)
  3. Lipids (by Lipase)
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42
Q

During Protein digestion in the Small Intestine, Chyme enters Small Intestine soaked in HCL and ______ from gastric secretions

A

Pepsin

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43
Q

During Protein digestion in the Small Intestine, the HCL triggers the conversion of the hormone Prosecretin into what?

A

Secretin

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44
Q

During Protein digestion in the Small Intestine, what tells Pancreas to release Bicarbonate (base) ions (HCO3-)?

A

Secretin

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45
Q

During Protein digestion in the Small Intestine, what is the role of Bicarbonate Ions (HCO3-)?

A

To increase the pH from 2.0 to 9.0 (becomes more basic).
- secreted from pancreas

46
Q

During Protein digestion in the Small Intestine, Bicarbonate Ions increase the pH from 2.0 to 9.0 (base) which inactivates what?

47
Q

During Protein digestion in the Small Intestine, Trypsinogen gets converted into Trypsin by the enzyme ____________.

A

Enterokinase (Secreted by the Small Intestine)

48
Q

During Protein digestion in the Small Intestine, what is secreted by the Pancreas?

A

Trypsinogen and Trypsin (<- converted by Enterokinase)

49
Q

During Protein digestion in the Small Intestine, Trypsinogen converts to Trypsin by the enzyme Enterkinase and breaks down Long Chain Proteins with what type of digestion?

A

Chemical Digestion

50
Q

During Protein digestion in the Small Intestine, EREPSIN completes the protein digestion by breaking down the shorter chain Peptides, converting them into what?

A

Amino Acids!!!

51
Q

During Protein digestion in the Small Intestine, what is Erepsin secreted by?

A

Both the Pancreas and Small Intestine

52
Q

What are short chains of Amino Acids linked by Peptide Bonds called?

53
Q

During Carbohydrate digestion in the Small Intestine, the Pancreas releases an enzyme called what?

54
Q

During Carbohydrate digestion in the Small Intestine, chemical digestion of complex carbs into _______________ is continued.

A

Monosaccharides

55
Q

During Carbohydrate digestion, the Small Intestine releases _____________ enzymes to break Complex Carbs down into Monosaccharides

A

Disaccharides

56
Q

During Lipid digestion in the Small Intestine, what releases Lipases which break down Lipids (fats)?

A

Pancreas!!

57
Q

During Lipid digestion in the Small Intestine, what are the two types of Lipases released by the Pancreas?

A
  1. Pancreatic Lipase
  2. Phospholipases
58
Q

During Lipid digestion in the Small Intestine, which type of Lipase breaks down fats into Fatty Acids and Glycerol?

A

Pancreatic Lipase

59
Q

During Lipid digestion in the Small Intestine, which type of Lipase breaks down Phospholipids?

A

Phospholipases

60
Q

In the Digestive system, which organ breaks down components of Hemoglobin from blood?

61
Q

In the Digestive system, which organ converts Glycogen to Glucose and Glucose to Glycogen depending on the bodies’ blood sugar needs?

62
Q

In the Digestive system, which organ stores vitamins A, B12, and D?

63
Q

In the Digestive system, which organ Detoxifies harmful substances in the body by making them soluble (and therefore will dissolve in blood and eliminates in Urine)?

64
Q

In the Digestive system, which organ secretes Bile?

65
Q

What is Bile made up of?

A

Bile pigments (waste products) and bile salts

66
Q

A fluid that is made and released by the liver and stored in the Gallbladder.
- Helps with Digestion (breaks down fats into Fatty Acids)

67
Q

In the Digestive system, the Liver produces Bile Salts which are stored in which organ when not needed?

A

The Gallbladder

68
Q

During the Digestive system, when fats are present in the Small Intestine, hormone Cholecystokinin (CCK) is released by the Small Intestine to trigger the release of what?

A

Bile Salts from the Gallbladder

69
Q

In the Digestive system, what emulsifies large fat globules into smaller droplets (= greater surface area for lipases to digest)?

A

Bile Salts

70
Q

Hard masses in the Gallbladder

A

Gallstones

71
Q

What’s the problem with Gallstones?

A
  • Cholesterol in Bile can precipitate out and form crystals
  • Block bile duct
  • Impairs fat digestion
72
Q

Build up of Bile Pigments in blood

73
Q

Chronic inflammation of liver (due to major damage)

74
Q

Alcohol and Hepatitis C can destroy liver tissue and cause what?

A

Cirrhosis (chronic inflammation of liver)

75
Q

(True/False) Digestion occurs in the Large Intestine

76
Q

In the Digestive system, which organ concentrates and eliminates wastes?

A

The Large Intestine

77
Q

In the Large Intestine, undigested chyme is passed down to the what?

78
Q

In the Large Intestine, water and salts are absorbed and bacteria (ex. coli) try to digest the remaining what?

79
Q

In the Large Intestine, remaining undigested waste and bacteria pass to the what?

80
Q

What cannot be broken down by humans but provides “roughage (fibre)”

81
Q

As waste builds up in the Large Intestine, receptors provide information to the central nervous system to prompt bowel movement. Feces moves out anus via ___________.

A

Peristalsis

82
Q

Produced as the walls of the stomach are distended (swollen) by presence of food.

83
Q

Gastrin signals the parietal cells of the stomach to release what?

84
Q

Released from Duodenum when stomach acid and chyme move from the stomach to the Small Intestine

85
Q

Secretin inhibits contraction of the stomach to prevent additional _____ from entering the Duodenum

86
Q

Secretin initiates release of ___________ from the Pancreas that raise the pH of Small Intestine

A

Bicarbonate

87
Q

Released from Duodenum after consumption of a fatty meal.

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

88
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK) stimulates Gallbladder to bio salts into the duodenum to digest what?

89
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK) _____ digestion and allows more time for fat to be digested and absorbed

90
Q

Stomach
1. ______ (hormone) -> released in response to a stretch in the stomach. The stomach releases more ___.
2. The pH of the stomach is _ to _.

A

Gastrin, HCL, 2 to 3

91
Q

Most digestion occurs in the first portion of the Small Intestine, which is referred to as the ________.

92
Q

Dealing with Acidity
1. ___________ –> Secretin (hormone) when ___ is added. Secretin tells the ________ to release Bicarbonate ions (HCO3-).
2. GOAL: __________ the HCL so it doesn’t affect the lining of the small intestine. The pH of the small intestine is now closer to _.

A

Prosecretin, HCL, Pancreas, Neutralize, 8

93
Q

Protein Digestion
1. _______ : Pepsin —> Breaks down proteins
2. Small Intestine: ___________ (from Pancreas) is converted to Trypsin (Enzyme) using ____________ —> breaks down proteins
3. Small Intestine: _______ (enzyme) —> converts Polypeptides to Amino Acids. Secreted by both the Pancreas and Small Intestine.
4. Amino Acids are absorbed in the Villi and moved into the _____ ______.

A

Prosecretin, Trypsinogen, Enterokinase, Erepsin, Blood Stream

94
Q

Carbohydrate Digestion
1. (Mouth): Salivary _______ —> begins process.
2. (Small Intestine): Pancreatic Amylase (from ________) converts carbohydrates to Disaccharides.
3. (Small Intestine): ______________ —> converts disaccharides to monosaccharides
4. Monosaccharides are absorbed in the _____ and move into the blood stream.

A

Amylase, Pancreas, Disaccharidase, Villi, Blood Stream

95
Q

Lipid Digestion
1. (Small Intestine): Pancreatic Lipase (from ________) —> converts Fats to Fatty Acids and ________.
2. (Small Intestine): Phospholipase (from pancreas) —> breaks down phospholipids.
3. Fats are absorbed into the Villi and move into the ________ (lymph system) before moving into the blood stream.

A

Pancreas, Glycerol, Lacteals

96
Q

Presence of Fats in Small Intestine Results in:
1. Small Intestine releases ___ —> release of ____ salts (emulsify fats). Bile is made in the _____ and stored in the __________.
2. ______________ (hormone) released to slow down digestion.

A

CCK, Bile, Liver, Gallbladder, Enterogastrone

97
Q

Which Nutrient moves to the bloodstream the fastest?

A

Carbohydrates

98
Q

What are examples of Carbohydrase?

A
  • Amylase
  • Disaccharide Enzymes (Sucrase, Maltase, Lactase)
99
Q

What are examples of Protease?

A
  • Pepsin (Pepsinogen + HCL)
  • Trypsin (Trypsinogen + Enterokinase in SI)
  • Erepsin
100
Q

Where is Amylase produced?

A

Saliva and Pancreas

101
Q

Where are Disaccharide Enzymes produced?

A

Small Intestine

102
Q

Where is Pepsin produced?

103
Q

Where is Trypsin produced?

104
Q

Where is Erepsin produced?

A

Pancreas and Small Intestine (Ileum)

105
Q

Where is Lipase produced?

106
Q

Amylase Catalyze the breakdown of what into what?

A

Complex Carbs —> Disaccharides

107
Q

Disaccharide Enzymes Catalyze the breakdown of what into what?

A

Disaccharides —> Monosaccharides

108
Q

Pepsin Catalyze the breakdown of what into what?

A

Polypeptides —> Peptides

109
Q

Trypsin Catalyze the breakdown of what into what?

A

Polypeptides —> Peptides

110
Q

Erepsin Catalyze the breakdown of what into what?

A

Peptides —> Amino Acids

111
Q

Lipase Catalyze the breakdown of what into what?

A

Fat droplets —> Fatty Acids + Glycerol

Biology 20 (20 decks)

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