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Biology 20 > Biogeochemical Cycles > Flashcards

Biogeochemical Cycles Flashcards

1
Q

All available ______ is on Earth.

A

Matter

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2
Q

What must be recycled to sustain life?

A

Water and Nutrients

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3
Q

Living

A

Biotic

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4
Q

Non-Living

A

Abiotic

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5
Q

What passes between the Biotic and Abiotic worlds?

A

Molecules

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6
Q

The use and re-use of materials of the earth.

A

Biogeochemical Cycles

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7
Q

What are the four cycles part of Biogeochemical Cycles?

A

Hydrologic (water), Carbon/Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus Cycle

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8
Q

Human body loses and must replace approximately _% of its total H2O volume daily

A

3%

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9
Q

Plants lose H2O through what?

A

Transpiration

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10
Q

Plants take in H2O from the roots, filter/clean H2O and transpire through which part?

A

the stomata of their leaves!!

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11
Q

Cellular Respiration produces metabolic ___.

A

H2O

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12
Q

H2O vapour is a greenhouse gas that traps and transfers what?

A

HEAT

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13
Q

H2O is cycled in which cycle?

A

The Hydrologic cycle

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14
Q

Changing water from a liquid state to a gaseous state

A

Evaporation

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15
Q

Evaporation of water from plant leaves

A

Transpiration

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16
Q

Movement of water through soil and permeable rock

A

Percolation

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17
Q

Rain, Snow, Hail, etc

A

Precipitation

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18
Q

Collection of water droplets in the atmosphere to form clouds

A

Condensation

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19
Q

Oceans, rivers, lakes, streams, ground water, and snow/ice are reservoirs of what?

A

Water

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20
Q

What are water’s unique properties?

A
  1. Universal Solvent
  2. High melting and boiling point
  3. High heat capacity
  4. Special cohesive and adhesive properties
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21
Q

Water molecules are polar (different charges at each end), resulting in a weak attraction between molecules known as a..

A

Hydrogen Bond

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22
Q

Explain why water has a high melting point (0c) and a high boiling point (100c)

A

Melting and boiling both require hydrogen bonds to be broken which uses LOTS of energy

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23
Q

When water cools, hydrogen bonds loosen, causing cold or frozen water to have a _____ density

A

lower

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24
Q

When water heats up, these bonds tighten, causing warm water to have a ______ density

A

higher

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25
Q

_____ amounts of energy are required to increase the temperature of water.

A

Large

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26
Q

Large bodies of water assist in moderating the ___________ of nearby land.

A

temperature

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27
Q

Energy from water —> _____ the land

A

Heats

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28
Q

Energy from land —> given to water to ____ land

A

Cool

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29
Q

Attraction of water molecules to other water molecules.

A

Cohesion

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30
Q

Which property allows insects to walk on water, and keeps organic debris on the water surface? (Cohesion or Adhesion?)

A

Cohesion

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31
Q

Attraction of water molecules to molecules of other substances (ex. glass tube, cell wall)

A

Adhesion

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32
Q

Which property is important for the movement of water up xylem in plants? (Cohesion or Adhesion?)

33
Q

(True or False) Hydrogen bonding enables water to dissolve a wide variety of substances.

34
Q

(True or False) Liquid water is less dense than ice because hydrogen bonds hold molecules apart in an open crystalline structure in this phase.

A

False (Ice is less dense than liquid water)

35
Q

(True or False) Water is most dense at 0’c.

A

False (Water is most dense at 4’c)

36
Q

(True or False) Cohesion refers to the attraction water molecules have for each other. Adhesion refers to the attraction water molecules have for molecules of other substances.

37
Q

(True or False) Water has a low heat capacity and thus requires large amounts of heat to effect a small change in temperature.

A

False (Water has a HIGH heat capacity)

38
Q

(True or False) A hydrogen bond occurs between two hydrogen atoms on the same water molecule.

A

False (A hydrogen bond occurs between a hydrogen and oxygen atom from different water molecules)

39
Q

(True or False) Metabolic water is generated by metabolic reactions.

40
Q

(True or False) Drought decreases plant productivity because plants close their stomata to reduce water loss and can no longer take in carbon dioxide.

41
Q

(True or False) The hydrologic cycle does not play a role in biogeochemical cycles.

42
Q

(True or False) Unlike carbon dioxide, water vapour is not a greenhouse gas.

43
Q

What are the two types of Biogeochemical cycles?

A

Global and Static

44
Q

In this type of Biogeochemical cycle, C, O, N and S can travel long distances (as gases in the atmosphere).

45
Q

In this type of Biogeochemical cycle, P, K, Ca and other trace elements are typically found in soil so don’t travel as far.

46
Q

What are the two types of Carbon cycling?

A

Rapid and Slow Cycling

47
Q

Carbon moves from producer to consumer & decomposer, and back to the __________ through rapid cycling.

A

Atmosphere

48
Q

(Rapid Cycling) Plants take inorganic carbon (CO2) from the atmosphere during ______________ and convert it into organic compounds.

A

photosynthesis

49
Q

(Rapid Cycling) How is carbon returned to the atmosphere?

A

Cellular Respiration, Forest fires (carbon sinks), and decomposition.

50
Q

(Slow Cycling) ______ stored in Reservoirs is unavailable until released

51
Q

(Slow Cycling) What can Carbon be stored in?

A

The deep ocean, earth’s crust (rocks), limestone (from shells of aquatic organisms), petroleum deposits (fossil fuels).

52
Q

(Slow Cycling) Carbon is released during the combustion of fossil fuels, weathering of carbon from rocks, and carbon released as _______ gas back to the atmosphere.

53
Q

What are the two processes of the Carbon Cycle?

A

Fixing Carbon and Releasing Carbon

54
Q

______ Carbon
- Photosynthesis
- Dissolved CO2 in H2O —> makes carbonates —> which makes calcium carbonate (found in shells and forms ocean sediment) —> when crushed/heated it turns into rocks

55
Q

_________ Carbon
- Rocks broken down by volcanoes, by decaying organisms, combustion of fossil fuels, respiration.

56
Q

The Largest Carbon Sink

57
Q

What are Carbon Reservoirs?

A

Atmosphere, Formation of fossil fuels, Weathering of limestone (CaCO3), Bogs, Growth and death of trees (deforestation = return of 2Gt of carbon to atmosphere each year), OCEAN.

58
Q

What are Oxygen Reservoirs?

A

Atmosphere, Rocks on land, and Dissolved in water

59
Q

What human impacts affect the Carbon and Oxygen cycles?

A

Burning wood and fossil fuels, Deforestation, Mining, Overpopulation, and Forest fires.

60
Q

What are reservoirs of Nitrogen?

A

Soil and Atmosphere

61
Q

Nitrogen gas composes of what percentage of the earth’s atmosphere?

62
Q

is N2(g) useable for most organisms?

63
Q

What is Nitrogen used for/contained in?

A

Earth’s atmosphere (78%), Proteins (amino acids), Genetic material (DNA), and Fertilizers

64
Q

What processes are involved in the Nitrogen Cycle?

A

Nitrogen Fixation, Ammonification, and Denitrification

65
Q

Bacteria & Lightning play an important role in converting N2(g) into NO3- (nitrate) which can then be used by what?

66
Q

Non-photosynthetic organism are dependent on plants for sources of ________.

67
Q

Bacteria, found either in the soil or in roots of legumes convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonium (NH4+)

A

Nitrogen Fixation

68
Q

Other bacteria in the soil convert ammonium (NH4+) to Nitrates (NO3-)

A

Nitrification

69
Q

Lightning converting atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to Nitrates (NO3-)

A

Nitrification

70
Q

Can plants use ammonium (NH4+) or Nitrates (NO3-) ?

71
Q

Detritus (waste or dead) is decomposed and NH4+ is released back into the soil

A

Ammonification

72
Q

When NH4+ is used by bacteria and is converted into NO2- and then to NO3-

A

Ammonification

73
Q

______ use NO3-

74
Q

When bacteria use the oxygen from NO3-, the N2(g) is returned back to atmosphere

A

Denitrification

75
Q

Agriculture removes what from the soil?

76
Q

Deforestation removes what from the soil?

77
Q

Fertilizers returns what to the soil?

A

Nitrogen and Phosphorus

78
Q

Fertilizers may create acidic soil and can limit types of bacteria that can grow. This results in what?

A

Less Decomposition

Biology 20 (20 decks)

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