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Fundamentals Of Science > Structure and function of blood > Flashcards

Structure and function of blood Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

erythocytes

A

red blood cells

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2
Q

Leukocytes

A

white blood cells

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3
Q

formation of blood components ( red & white blood cells & platelets), from heamatopoietic stem cells ( HSCs)

A

haematopoiesis

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4
Q

site of haematopoiesis for foetus:

A

0-2 months- yolk sac
2-7 months- liver & spleen
5-9 months- bone marrow

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5
Q

site of haematopoiesis for infants

A

bone marrow

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6
Q

site of haematopoiesis for adulthood

A

axial skeleton ( vertebral bones, ribs & sternum, sacrum, pelvis)

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7
Q

Pluripotent

A

have the ability to undergo self renewal & to give rise to all cells of tissues of the body

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8
Q

multipotent

A

can develop into more than one cell type; they demonstrate the ability to self-renew or to differentiate into specialised cell types present in a specific tissue or organ

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9
Q

formation of red blood cells is called?

A

erythropoiesis

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10
Q

eryrhropoiesis steps

A
  1. starts with haematopoietic stem cell which differentiates into a common myeloid progenitor & then into mega karyocyte-erythroid progenitor
  2. Further differentiation results in commitment to the erythroid lineage.
  3. As the erythroid cells mature, they become smaller, have more condensed chromatin, lose their nucleoli & their cytoplasm changes from blue to pink
  4. Eventually, the nucleus is extruded, resulting in a reticulocyte. Most of the process takes places in the bone marrow over 3 weeks
  5. the resulting reticulocyte retains some ribosomal RNA to make heamoglobin & after 1-2 days in the bone marrow, it enters the peripheral
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11
Q

eryrhropoiesis steps

A
  1. starts with haematopoietic stem cell which differentiates into a common myeloid progenitor & then into mega karyocyte-erythroid progenitor
  2. Further differentiation results in commitment to the erythroid lineage.
  3. As the erythroid cells mature, they become smaller, have more condensed chromatin, lose their nucleoli & their cytoplasm changes from blue to pink
  4. Eventually, the nucleus is extruded, resulting in a reticulocyte. Most of the process takes places in the bone marrow over 3 weeks
  5. the resulting reticulocyte retains some ribosomal RNA to make heamoglobin & after 1-2 days in the bone marrow, it enters the peripheral blood where RNA is lost after 1-2 days resulting in a mature RBC
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12
Q

As the erythroid cells mature, they become smaller and ?

A

have more condensed chromatin, lose their nucleoli & their cytoplasm changes from blue to pink

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13
Q

erythroid lineage

A

The proerythroblast is the earliest morphologically identifiable bone marrow red cell precursor characterised by a large cell with high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, prominent nucleoli & blue cytoplasm (presence of RNA)

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14
Q

Maturation of erythroid precursors and iron uptake takes how long? and happens where?

A

3 weeks and in the bone marrow

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15
Q

RBC lifespan takes how long and happens where?

A

120 days and in the peripheral blood

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16
Q

thrombopoiesis is?

A

the formation of thrombocytes (blood platelets)

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17
Q

what is the main regulator of thrombopoiesis?

A

thrombopoietin

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18
Q

process of thrombopoiesis is caused by?

A

the breakdown of proplatelets

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19
Q

proplatelets is?

A

mature megakaryocyte membrane pseudopodal projections

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20
Q

thrombopoiesis affcets most aspects of the production of platelets , including?

A

self-renewal & expansion of hematopoietic stem cells, stimulating the increase of megakaryocyte progenitor cells & support, & supporting these cells so they mature to become platelet-producing cells

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21
Q

stem cell to platelets process (short ver. )

A

stem cell = multipotent progenitor = committed megakaryocyte-progenitor cell = immature megakaryocyte = mature megakaryocyte = platelets

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22
Q

granulopoiesis is ?

A

fromation of granulocytes

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23
Q

granulocytes and monocytes are formed from?

A

common precursor cells

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24
Q

granulopoiesis steps

A
  1. The first cell that starts to resemble a granulocyte is myeloblast.
  2. Next developmental stage, a promyelocyte, still has a large oval nucleus, but there is more cytoplasm in the cell at this point, also cytoplasmic granules are beginning to form
  3. Development stage continues with next stage, myelocyte. Nucleus starts to shrink
  4. At the stage of a metamyelocyte, the cell nucleus is becoming kidney-shaped & it becomes even more bent in the stage of a band cell
  5. The maturation is finished with the emergence of a segmented nucleus that is specific for a mature granulocyte
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25
Q

myeloblast is charaterised by?

A

a large oval nucleus that takes up most of the space in the cell & very little cytoplasm

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26
Q

Lymphopoiesis is?

A

generation of lymphocytes (type of wbc)

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27
Q

Lymphocytes include:

A

T cells (subdivided into helper, memory & cytotoxic T cells)
B cells ( subdivided into plasma cells & memory B cells)
and NKs

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28
Q

Haematopoietic growth factors bind where? and stimulate?

A

to cell surface transmembrane receptors, stimulate growth & survival of progenitors

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29
Q

Haematopoietic growth factors: Some stimulate early progenitors example

A

IL-3, Stem cell factor ( SCF)

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30
Q

Haematopoietic growth factors: Some stimulate late progenitors example

A

M-CSF ( monocyte- CSF)

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31
Q

Haematopoietic growth factors: Some specific to one lineage e.g.:

A

erythropoietin
- others stimulate several different lineages

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32
Q

structure of rbcs (erythrocytes)

A

bioncave dics
no nucleus & dont contain DNA,RNA or mitochondria

33
Q

major constituent of RBCs is?

A

Haemoglobin (Hb)

34
Q

structure of Hb

A

protein tetramer made up of 4 polypeptide chains
Adult Hb has 2 alpha & 2 beta globin chains
Each globin chain carries a haem molecules
The haem holds a feerous ( Fe2+) iron atom
Oxygen binds reversibly to the iron atom

35
Q

list types of leukocytes

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils =(granulocytes)+ lymphocytes, monocytes

36
Q

agranulocytes are?

A

mononuclear cells : wbc that simply lack any granules within their cytoplasm

37
Q

granulocytes are?

A

type of wbc- prominent cytoplasmic granules

38
Q

characteristics of platelets (thrombocytes)

A

-membrane bound cytoplasmic fragments
no nucleus
contains granules

39
Q

3 functions of blood

A

transport
defence
homeostasis

40
Q

role of RBCs:

A

transport oxygen bound to Hb from lungs to body tissues + help in removal of CO2 from body tissues- lungs

41
Q

role of neutrophils

A

phagocytose & kill bacteria & fungi
main mediators of innate immunity

42
Q

role of lymphocytes

A

main mediators of adaptive (acquired) immunity
produce antibodies
kill virus infected cells

43
Q

eosinophils function

A

kill parasites
involved in allergic responses

44
Q

basophils

A

kill parasites
involved in allergic responses
involved in inflammation

45
Q

monocytes (macrohges)

A

phagocytose dead cells & pathogens

46
Q

total wbc count is important for?

A

diagnosing infection

47
Q

defence role of platelets

A

-major role = primary haemostasis
recognise damage at blood vessel wall
form a platelet
prevent/stop bleeding

48
Q

one Hb can bind to how many o2 molecules?

A

4
- lesss than 0.01 sec required for oxygenation

49
Q

role of 2,3-DPG when 02 is unloaded?

A

substance made in RBCs & it controls the movement of oxygen from RBCs to body tissues– lower affinity of O2

50
Q

when are beta chains in Hb pulled apart?

A

when o2 is unloaded

51
Q

what happens when Hb is oxygenated?

A

2,3-DPG is pushed out; beta chains move closer

52
Q

O2 amount bound to Hb & released to tissues depends on;

A

PO2
PCO2
Afiinity of Hb for O2

53
Q

oxygen affinity determines?

A

proportion of O2 released to tissues or loaded onto the cell at a given oxygen pressure

54
Q

increased oxygen affinity means? O2

A

binds more & strongly

55
Q

decresed oxygen affinity means? O2

A

O2 is released

56
Q

Hb that is fully saturated with 02 is called?

A

oxyhaemoglobin - bright red

57
Q

Hb that has lost all O2 is called?

A

deoxyhaemoglobin - dark red

58
Q

pulse oximetry measures?

A

colour of Hb- determines if patient is hypoxic

59
Q

pulse oximetry is based on the principle that O2Hb?

A

absorbs more near-infared light than HHb, & HHb absorbs more red light than O2Hb

60
Q

fluid component of whole blood that transports cells

A

plasma

61
Q

plasma consists of?

A

water- 90%
plasma proteins 6-8%
electrolytes ( Na+, Cl-)
other components: glucose, amino acids, hormones (thyroxine, cortisol), waste (urea), blood gases (e.g. CO2)

62
Q

role of albumin in plasma

A
  • made by liver; helps keep fluid in your bloodstream so it doesnt leak into other tissues & also carries various substances throughout your body including hormones, vitamins & enzymes)
63
Q

fluid left after blood clotting

A

serum

64
Q

examples of tests that work better with serum than plasma

A

LFT( liver function test), U & Es (urea & electrolytes)

65
Q

some blood tests require unclotted blood so use?

A

anticoagulants e.g. EDTA

66
Q

role of globulins in plasma transport

A

(alpha & beta) include carrier proteins to transport metal ions (e.g. Ca2+, Fe2+, Cu2+)
- transferring transports iron

67
Q

role of plasma in transport

A
  • plasma & proteins transport nutrients
  • removes nitrogenous waste products -TO KIDNEY/LUNGS FOR EXCRETION
    -transports respiratory gases e.g.C02
68
Q

Co2 is dissolved in plasma or ?

A

converted to HC03-

69
Q

Plasma in defence- immunity

A

delta-globulin: immunoglobulin (Ig) - made by B lymphocyctes- act as body’s defence
Complement proteins: kill bacteria & other pathogens + cooperate with Ig & wbcs

70
Q

role of plasma defence - heamostasis:

A

coagulation factors: fibrinogen plays major role in blood clotting
Fibrinlgen is converted to fibrin, forms blood clot
fibrin clot reinforces primary platelet plug

71
Q

Homeostasis is

A

keeping the internal body environment constant

72
Q

regulation of acid-base balance is achieved how?

A

plasma proteins through buffering action, mainting pH at 7.4

73
Q

regulation of body temp is achieved how?

A

balance between heat loss and heat gain in the body

74
Q

coloidal osmotic pressure (COP)

A

the osmotic pressure exerted by large molecules, serves to hold water within the vascular space. normally created by plasma proteins, that dont diffuse readily across the capillary membrane

75
Q

COP is maintained at around?

A

25 mmHg by plasma proteins

76
Q

Hb concentration units:

A

g/L

77
Q

overall concentration of Hb in blood is used to ?

A

diagnose anaemia

78
Q

full blood count (FBC)includes:

A

Hb concentration
Mean (red) cell volume (MCV): size of RBCs
Mean (red) cell haemoglobin content(MCHC) :how much Hb in each red cell
Hamatocrit (Ht or Hc)

79
Q

polycythaemia also known as? means?

A

erythrcytosis
means having high concentration of RBCs in your blood

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