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Fundamentals Of Science > Cardiac Physiology > Flashcards

Cardiac Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

Blood enclosed in specialised vessels is what type of Circulatory system?

A

Closed

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2
Q

Carries oxygenated blood from heart throughout the body. Arterial or venous circulation

A

Arterial circulation

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3
Q

Returns de-oxygenated Blood back to the heart

A

venous circulation

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4
Q

Characteristics of vertebrate cardiovascular system

A

Multi-chambered heart with complex valves
Blood transported in vessels
Specialist circulatory system in order to carry both oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

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5
Q

Pulmonary circulation function

A

Responsible for oxygenated Blood that we need to use

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6
Q

Pulmonary circulation is described as an inversed system. Explain

A

Inversion means artery carries deoxygenated blood and vein carries oxygenated Blood back to the heart

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7
Q

Innovation define:

A

Process of supplying nerves to an organ or part of the body

Refers to nerve impulses, growth of nerves and control of heart via the nervous system

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8
Q

Stages of mammalian cardiac development

A

Heart tube formation around week3
Two stages of developmental process:
- Pre-innervation
- Post-innervation

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9
Q

Vena cava function

A

Responsible for returning Blood to the heart

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10
Q

Inferior vena cava function:

A

Returns blood from lower body

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11
Q

Superior vena cava function:

A

Returns Blood from the brain

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12
Q

Atrioventricular ( tricuspid / mitral) valve function:

A

Responsible for stopping blood returning back into the atrium upon ventricular contraction so no regurgitation of the blood going back into the atrium

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13
Q

Semilunar values function

A

Stop any black flow going into the ventricle; allows closed pressurised system of Blood travelling around the body

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14
Q

Number of key tendons found within each of the ventricles: function

A

Protect the values and facilitate the expulsion of Blood from the heart

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15
Q

Chambers of the heart

A

Atria
Ventricles
Intraventricular septum
AVN
Semilunar valves

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16
Q

Atria function

A

Receive blood from body (vena cava) or lungs (pulmonary vein)

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17
Q

Ventricles function (RIGHT)

A

Deliver blood to lungs

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18
Q

Ventricles function (LEFT)

A

Deliver Blood to rest of the body

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19
Q

Intraventricular septum function

A

Dividing wall between the ventricles

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20
Q

Contractile cells of the heart called?

A

Cardiomyocytes

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21
Q

Cells of the heart include:

A

Cardiomyocytes - contractile cells
Fibroblasts, endothelial cues etc - used to maintain integrity (ECM) and transfer of nutrients from coronary arteries

22
Q

What is responsible for laying down extracellular matrix such as collagens and other fibrous proteins?

A

Fibroblasts

23
Q

What happens to fibroblasts when disease comes?

A

They become hyperactivated which can lead to inefficient contractile properties

24
Q

Role of endothelial cells in heart

A

Transfer nutrients from a coronary circulation, so that cardiomyocytes can use them

25
Q

Levels of the heart wall from pericardium to heart interor ( endocardium)

A

Pericardium -> pericardial space -> epicardium -> myocardium -> endocardium

26
Q

Pericardial space surrounded by sac is?

A

Pericardium

27
Q

Epicardium function:

A

Lots of coronary vessels
Responsible for providing the heart with Blood

28
Q

Function of fat cells in heart wall

A

For rapid conversion to energy

29
Q

Location of cardiomyocytes

A

Myocardium

30
Q

Endocardium layer: inside of the heart. Subdivides into:

A

Endothelial layer:
Subendocardial layer
Subendothelial layer
Endothelium

31
Q

Coronary arteries function:

A

Supply Blood a throughout the myocardium

32
Q

What supplies the left side of the heart with blood, including LAD and circumflex systems

A

Left coronary arteries

33
Q

When does myocardial perfusion occur?

A

In diastole (cardiac relaxation)

34
Q

Right corny arteries function

A

Supply the right side of the heart with blood, including the areas controlling cardiac rhythm (SAN and AVN nodes)

35
Q

Lad = left ascending artery: also known as?

A

Widowmaker

36
Q

In coronary artery disease, if LAD blocked, what effect does this have?

A

Means that not enough oxygen and nutrients get to left side of heart → heart can’t contract property → heart attack

37
Q

Define cardiac output CO

A

Volume of blood expelled from LV at each beat

38
Q

Define ejection fraction EF

A

% Blood expelled from (left) ventricle at each beat

39
Q

Normal EF value =

A

60%

40
Q

Why is EF 60%?

A

Because you can’t have complete closure of the ventricles

Will be difficult to open up again

41
Q

How is EF calculated?

A

Difference between diastolic and systolic volume

42
Q

Initiating region for electrical impulse =

A

SAN

43
Q

Delay node to enable ventricular filling?

A

AVN node

44
Q

Bundle branches: function

A

Electrical conductance pathways through left and right myocardium, include bundle of HIS

45
Q

Specialised cardiac myocyte-like cells that are responsible for translating electrical impulse into contractile force?

A

Purkinje fibres

46
Q

Delay node is?

A

AV node

47
Q

P wave in Cardiac cycle shows?

A

Atrial depolarisation

48
Q

QRS complex in Cardiac cycle shows?

A

Ventricular depolarisation

49
Q

T wave in Cardiac cycle shows?

A

Ventricular repolarisation

50
Q

Volume of blood pumped by one ventricle per minute?

A

Cardiac output

51
Q

CO equation

A

CO = Heart rate X stroke volume
ml/min (Beats/min). (ml/beat)

52
Q

Effects of exercise on CO

A

Increased venous return → increased stroke volume → increased cardiac output

Preload is greater → cardiac muscle contracts with greater force

Fundamentals Of Science (37 decks)

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