Blood disorders Flashcards
Hematocrit
% by volume of red blood cells in your blood
equation of haematocrit
volume of cells/ total volum
4 main blood groups
A, B, AB & O
blood group is determined by?
genes inherited from the parents
blood types based on what system?
ABO & RhD blood group systems
characteristic of blood group A
A antigens on RBCs with anti-B antibodies in plasma
characteristic of blood group B
B antigens on rbcs with anti-A antibodies in plasma
characteristic of blood group AB
both A & B antigens, but no antibodies
characteristic of blood group O
no antigens, but both anti- A & anti- B antibodies in plasma
which blood group is the most common?
Blood group O
receiving blood from the wrong group can be life-threatening e.g. if someone with blood group B blood is given group A blood what happens?
their anti-A antibodies will attack the group A cells
why can group O be safely given to any other groups?
Group O has no A or B antigens
If the RhD antigen is present on rbcs this means the blood group is?
RhD positive
If the RhD antigen is absent on rbcs this means the blood group is?
RhD negative
which blood type can be safely given to anyone and why?
O RhD negative blood, because no A, B, or RhD antigens on cell surface
there are 4 main blood groups but each group can either be? so in total how many blood groups?
RhD positive or negative so 8 in total
study of blood in health & disease
heamatology
blood disorders primarily affect?
blood & blood- forming organs
list common blood disorders
anaemia, bleeding disorders such as haemophilia, blood clots & blood cancers such as leukaemia
blood disorders can affect any of the blood main components:
RBCs- carry O2 to body’s tissues
wbcs- fight infections
platelets- help blood to clot
plasma- liquid portion of blood
haematological malignancies
lymphomas
myelomas
leukaemia
lymphomas are?
blood & lymph tumours that develop from lymphocytes
two major lymphomas including symptoms and treatment
Hodgkin’s & non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Symptoms: enlarged lymph nodes, fever, night sweats
Treatment: chemotherapy, radiation, targeted therapy
myelomas are?
plasma cells become malignant, multiply & release damaging substances– organ damage
no symptoms initially and no cure, but stem cell transplant & chemotherapy can lead to remission
leukamia is when?
wbc become malignant and multiply in bone marrow = high numbers of abnormal blood cells
may be actue or chronic
leukaemia symptoms and treatment
Symptoms: bleeding, bruising, bone pain, risk of infections
Treatment: chemotherapy, stem cell transplant–> may be curative
Haemoglobinopathies
Haemoglobinopathies (congenital abnormality of haemoglobin or rate of haemoglobin synthesis
examples of haemoglobinopathies
sickle cell disease
thalassemia
lack of rbcs or Hb is ?
anaemia
examples of types of anaemia
iron-deficiency anaemia
haemolytic anaemia (destruction of Rbcs)
myeloid blood disorders
haemoglobinopathies
anaemia
decreased number of cells : neutropenia + thrombocytopenia
coagulopathies
examples of coagulopathies
thrombosis + haemophilia
sickle cell disease (SCD) is?
an inherited (autosomal recessive) rbc disorder
-when abnormal Hb causes rbcs to become stiff & sticky & look like a C-shaped farm tool,sickle
sickle cells can block blood flow–pain & organ damage
why is there a constant rbc shortage in SCD?
because sickle cell die early
symptoms and treatments for SCD
Symptoms: painful episodes called sickle cell crises, increased infection risk, anaemia
Treatment: antibiotics, painkillers, blood transfusion
Thalassemia is?
inherited anaemia due to decreased Hb production
-most have no symptoms-no treatment
others need blood transfusions to relieve anaemia
difference between iron-deficiency anaemia and haemolytic anaemia
iron-deficiency anaemia= body doesnt have enough iron to make Hb
Haemolytic anaemia= Rbcs break down (haemolysis) or die faster than usual. usually within the spleen
what causes iron-defiency anaemia + symptoms +treatments
caused by blood loss, insufficient dietary intake, or poor absorption of iron from food
Symptoms: short of breath or tired
Treatment: iron supplements, blood transfusion
cause of haemolytic anaemia + symptoms + treatments
Caused by both intrinsic/extrinsic factors
Symptoms: similar to other anaemias (fatigue, shortness of breath). Breakdown of red cells also leads to jaundice
Treatment: depends on type & causes
neutropenia
low concentration of neutrophils in the blood caused by vitamin deficiencies, drugs, metabolic disease, nutritional deficiency, cancer & infections
- people with this are more susceptible to bacterial infections
treatment for neutropenia
antibiotics, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)
thrombocytopenia is?
decreased number of platelets in the blood
can be inherited or acquired
usually no symptoms
treament: depends on severity & causes
thrombosis=
formation of blood clot inside blood vessel, obstructing blood flow through circulatory system
where can thrombosis occur?
veins or arteries
embolus =
a clot that breaks free- can lodge somewhere as an embolism
thrombosis treatment=
anticoagulation, thrombolysis, surgery
haemophilia is when?
the body cant form blood clots needed to stop bleeding (affects blood plasma)
inherited genetic disorder
symptoms: bleeding episodes
treatments: clotting factor replacement, clot-preserving drugs, plasma infusion
