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Fundamentals Of Science > Blood disorders > Flashcards

Blood disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

Hematocrit

A

% by volume of red blood cells in your blood

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2
Q

equation of haematocrit

A

volume of cells/ total volum

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3
Q

4 main blood groups

A

A, B, AB & O

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4
Q

blood group is determined by?

A

genes inherited from the parents

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5
Q

blood types based on what system?

A

ABO & RhD blood group systems

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6
Q

characteristic of blood group A

A

A antigens on RBCs with anti-B antibodies in plasma

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7
Q

characteristic of blood group B

A

B antigens on rbcs with anti-A antibodies in plasma

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8
Q

characteristic of blood group AB

A

both A & B antigens, but no antibodies

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9
Q

characteristic of blood group O

A

no antigens, but both anti- A & anti- B antibodies in plasma

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10
Q

which blood group is the most common?

A

Blood group O

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11
Q

receiving blood from the wrong group can be life-threatening e.g. if someone with blood group B blood is given group A blood what happens?

A

their anti-A antibodies will attack the group A cells

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12
Q

why can group O be safely given to any other groups?

A

Group O has no A or B antigens

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13
Q

If the RhD antigen is present on rbcs this means the blood group is?

A

RhD positive

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14
Q

If the RhD antigen is absent on rbcs this means the blood group is?

A

RhD negative

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15
Q

which blood type can be safely given to anyone and why?

A

O RhD negative blood, because no A, B, or RhD antigens on cell surface

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16
Q

there are 4 main blood groups but each group can either be? so in total how many blood groups?

A

RhD positive or negative so 8 in total

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17
Q

study of blood in health & disease

A

heamatology

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18
Q

blood disorders primarily affect?

A

blood & blood- forming organs

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19
Q

list common blood disorders

A

anaemia, bleeding disorders such as haemophilia, blood clots & blood cancers such as leukaemia

20
Q

blood disorders can affect any of the blood main components:

A

RBCs- carry O2 to body’s tissues
wbcs- fight infections
platelets- help blood to clot
plasma- liquid portion of blood

21
Q

haematological malignancies

A

lymphomas
myelomas
leukaemia

22
Q

lymphomas are?

A

blood & lymph tumours that develop from lymphocytes

23
Q

two major lymphomas including symptoms and treatment

A

Hodgkin’s & non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Symptoms: enlarged lymph nodes, fever, night sweats
Treatment: chemotherapy, radiation, targeted therapy

24
Q

myelomas are?

A

plasma cells become malignant, multiply & release damaging substances– organ damage
no symptoms initially and no cure, but stem cell transplant & chemotherapy can lead to remission

25
Q

leukamia is when?

A

wbc become malignant and multiply in bone marrow = high numbers of abnormal blood cells
may be actue or chronic

26
Q

leukaemia symptoms and treatment

A

Symptoms: bleeding, bruising, bone pain, risk of infections
Treatment: chemotherapy, stem cell transplant–> may be curative

27
Q

Haemoglobinopathies

A

Haemoglobinopathies (congenital abnormality of haemoglobin or rate of haemoglobin synthesis

28
Q

examples of haemoglobinopathies

A

sickle cell disease
thalassemia

29
Q

lack of rbcs or Hb is ?

A

anaemia

30
Q

examples of types of anaemia

A

iron-deficiency anaemia
haemolytic anaemia (destruction of Rbcs)

31
Q

myeloid blood disorders

A

haemoglobinopathies
anaemia
decreased number of cells : neutropenia + thrombocytopenia
coagulopathies

32
Q

examples of coagulopathies

A

thrombosis + haemophilia

33
Q

sickle cell disease (SCD) is?

A

an inherited (autosomal recessive) rbc disorder
-when abnormal Hb causes rbcs to become stiff & sticky & look like a C-shaped farm tool,sickle
sickle cells can block blood flow–pain & organ damage

34
Q

why is there a constant rbc shortage in SCD?

A

because sickle cell die early

35
Q

symptoms and treatments for SCD

A

Symptoms: painful episodes called sickle cell crises, increased infection risk, anaemia
Treatment: antibiotics, painkillers, blood transfusion

36
Q

Thalassemia is?

A

inherited anaemia due to decreased Hb production
-most have no symptoms-no treatment
others need blood transfusions to relieve anaemia

37
Q

difference between iron-deficiency anaemia and haemolytic anaemia

A

iron-deficiency anaemia= body doesnt have enough iron to make Hb
Haemolytic anaemia= Rbcs break down (haemolysis) or die faster than usual. usually within the spleen

38
Q

what causes iron-defiency anaemia + symptoms +treatments

A

caused by blood loss, insufficient dietary intake, or poor absorption of iron from food
Symptoms: short of breath or tired
Treatment: iron supplements, blood transfusion

39
Q

cause of haemolytic anaemia + symptoms + treatments

A

Caused by both intrinsic/extrinsic factors
Symptoms: similar to other anaemias (fatigue, shortness of breath). Breakdown of red cells also leads to jaundice
Treatment: depends on type & causes

40
Q

neutropenia

A

low concentration of neutrophils in the blood caused by vitamin deficiencies, drugs, metabolic disease, nutritional deficiency, cancer & infections
- people with this are more susceptible to bacterial infections

41
Q

treatment for neutropenia

A

antibiotics, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)

42
Q

thrombocytopenia is?

A

decreased number of platelets in the blood
can be inherited or acquired
usually no symptoms
treament: depends on severity & causes

43
Q

thrombosis=

A

formation of blood clot inside blood vessel, obstructing blood flow through circulatory system

44
Q

where can thrombosis occur?

A

veins or arteries

45
Q

embolus =

A

a clot that breaks free- can lodge somewhere as an embolism

46
Q

thrombosis treatment=

A

anticoagulation, thrombolysis, surgery

47
Q

haemophilia is when?

A

the body cant form blood clots needed to stop bleeding (affects blood plasma)
inherited genetic disorder
symptoms: bleeding episodes
treatments: clotting factor replacement, clot-preserving drugs, plasma infusion

Fundamentals Of Science (37 decks)

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