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Fundamentals Of Science > liver structure and function > Flashcards

liver structure and function Flashcards

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1
Q

hepatic vein

A

removes deoxygenated blood

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2
Q

sinusoids

A

allow rapid exchange of solutes

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3
Q

hepatocytes

A

perform metabolic functions

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4
Q

kupffer cells

A

perform defence functions

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5
Q

portal vein

A

provides nutrient rich blood supply into the liver

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6
Q

toxic break down from blood cells

A

bilirubin

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7
Q

build up of bilirubin leads to

A

jaundice

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8
Q

key precursor for cholesterol

A

acetly CoA

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9
Q

enzyme key in the production of cholesterol

A

HMG CoA

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10
Q

proper hepatic artery

A

takes oxygenated blood into the liver

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11
Q

hepatic vein take what? to where?

A

deoxygenated blood to vena cava

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12
Q

portal vein carries blood returning from

A

GI tract

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13
Q

liver acts as what type of system?

A

filtation system for the nutrients, toxins etc before the blood goes back to the heart

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14
Q

lobules are

A

collection of cells

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15
Q

structure of hepatic lobule

A

hexagonal structure

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16
Q

portal triad contains

A

bile duct
portal vein
hepatic artery

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17
Q

structure of sinusoids

A

one cell thick
have gaps to allow macromolecules to pass through

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18
Q

what are sinusoids?

A

small blood vessels between radiation rows of hepatocytes

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19
Q

function of hepatocytes and kupffer cells

A

hepatocytes- perform most metabolic function
kupffer cells- perform a lot of defence functions

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20
Q

kupffer cells are a

A

type of tissue macrophage

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21
Q

billary system

A

bile secreted by hepatocytes - canalinculi- ductules- hepatic ducts- common bile duct

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22
Q

canaliculi

A

series pf channels between cells

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23
Q

sinusoids function (being one cell thick)

A

allows for exchange of large solutes

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24
Q

bile is secreted by

A

hepatocytes

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25
Q

bile composition

A

water, electrolytes, bilirubin, cholesterol and bile salts

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26
Q

bilirubin formation

A

breakdown of haemoglobin

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27
Q

colour of bilirubin

A

yellow pigment

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28
Q

where is bilirubin secreted

A

into the duodenum

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29
Q

where is bile stored?

A

in the gallbladder

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30
Q

bile function

A

-fat digestion and absorption
-eliminition of waste products especially bilirubin and cholesterol

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31
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

A

hormone that causes contraction of the gallbladder leading to ejection of bile into the duodenum

32
Q

what gets released when there is a detection of lipid rich food

A

Cholecystokinin to release bile to break it down and absorb into out bloodstream

33
Q

blood clotting factors

A

Fibrinogen
Prothrombin
other factors - V, VI, IX, X, XII

34
Q

Vitamin K is stored

A

in the liver

35
Q

importance of vitamin K

A

for the formation of clotting factors

36
Q

warfarin acts as a anticoagulant?

A

blocks the activity of epoxide reductase which means that vitamin Kstays in its oxidised form so cannot get reduced form of Vit K produced = fewer clotting factors

37
Q

chylomicron remnants

A

fat molecules that get left over from digestion process

38
Q

Chylomicron remnants transported where? via?

A

liver via portal vein

39
Q

cholesterol sources

A

chylomicron remnants
synthesis in liver
HDL

40
Q

end result of glucose metabolism in liver produced by?

A

Acetyl-CoA precursor by mitochondria

41
Q

what enzymes acts on acetyl- CoA ? what does it do?

A

HMG- CoA
converts it into cholesterol

42
Q

VLDL

A

very low density lipoprotein

43
Q

VLDL breaks down into?

A

IDL and LDL

44
Q

When liver is empty what does HDL do?

A

picks up excess cholesterol and brings it back to the liver

45
Q

why is high levels HDL good?

A

efficient at picking up excess cholesterol and bringing it back to the liver = not a lot of cholesterol floating in the bloodstream

46
Q

liver metabolises drugs and hormones in 2 phases

A

phase 1 and phase 2

47
Q

phase 1 is primarily

A

primarily oxidation/ reduction
-form more chemically reactive products

48
Q

phase 2 is

A

conjugation - to make it more water soluble
results in inactive and polar products

49
Q

where is cytochrome p450 found?

A

endoplasmic reticulum

50
Q

cytochrome p450

A

made up of 50 different enzymes, they are haem proteins and related to mitochondrial enzymes

51
Q

paracetamol aka

A

acetaminophen

52
Q

what type of therapeutic index does paracetamol have?

A

narrow

53
Q

paracetamol is metabolised through 3 routes

A

45-55 %Glutathione conjugation (phase2)
20-30%Sulfation (phase2)
15%N-Hydroxylation by cytochrome p450
(phase 1)

54
Q

NAPQI

A

toxic metabolite formed as intermediary by cytochrome p450 metabolism

55
Q

toxic metabolite formed as intermediary by cytochrome p450 metabolism

A

NAPQI

56
Q

effect of alcohol on NAPQI

A

p450 enzymes induced , so become much more active, more paracetamol process- accumulation of toxic metabolite

57
Q

how does accumulation of toxic metabolite from phase 1 affect phase 2 from alcohol?

A

phase 2 becomes saturated (body unable to convert toxic metabolite into phase 2 compound which is damaging to the body

58
Q

saturation kinetics

A

the kinetics of a reaction when the velocity of the reaction increases to a maximal value as the concentration of the reactant is increased

59
Q

saturation kinetics results in

A

acetaldehyde build up

60
Q

disulfiram is given to

A

people with alcohol dependency issues

61
Q

function of disulfiram

A

inhibits the acetaldehyde dehydrogenase

62
Q

what does acetaldehyde cause?

A

increased HR, nuasea, vomiting

63
Q

acetaldhyde dehydrogenase function

A

converts acetaldehyde to acetate

64
Q

metabolism of ethanol shows what and what does this mean?

A

saturation kinetics so plasma concentration falls linearly rather than exponentially

65
Q

stages of alcohol-induced liver damage

A

fatty liver, liver fibrosis, cirrhosis

66
Q

jaundice

A

excessive quantities of bilirubin accumulation in extracellular fluid (ECF
)

67
Q

normal plasma bilirubin conc

A

<17uM

68
Q

Jaundice at pre-hepatic stage (haemolytic)

A

excessive breakdown of RBC

69
Q

Jaundice at hepatic stage

A

hepatocyte damage
e.g. cirrhosis, hepatitis A,B,C,E: gilberts syndrome

70
Q

jaundice at post-hepatic (obstructive)

A

obstruction to passage into duodenum
enters circulation and into urine
e.g. gallstones, carcinoma of pancreas/bile ducts

71
Q

pre-hepatic jaundice is easily cured in babies how?

A

blue light- breaks down bilirubin

72
Q

hepatitis

A

inflammatory condition of liver

73
Q

cause of hepatitis

A

viral infection, alcohol toxins, autoimmune

74
Q

3 stages of alcohol liver damage

A

1: fatty liver
2: alcohol hepatitis (cells die resulting in inflammation)
3: cirrhosis includes fibrosis, scarring and cell death

75
Q

as the cirrhotic liver cant function properly what will accumulate? results in?

A

ammonia, neurotoxicity, coma & death

75
Q

as the cirrhotic liver cant function properly what will accumulate? results in?

A

ammonia, neurotoxicity, coma & death

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