Principles of Infection Flashcards

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1
Q

define pathogen

A

microorganisms that cause disease

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2
Q

reproduction for bacterial cells

A

binary fission (grow rapidly until theyve used all the growth resources then they stop growing)

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3
Q

define gram stain

A

a method of staining bacteria for microscopy that allows them to be classified by the structure of their plasma membranes / cell walls

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4
Q

how do you perform a gram stain

A

take some bacteria and fix them on a slide
Then add crystal violet dye, then iodine
Wash with alcohol- some things will retain the purple dye and some wont
Apply a counter stain (safranin) - since some things dont take up the purple stain

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5
Q

What type of bacteria stains purple?

A

gram positive bacteria

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6
Q

what type of bacteria stain red?

A

gram negative bacteria

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7
Q

which type of bacteria (gram) has a thick cell wall?

A

gram positive bacteria

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8
Q

which type of bacteria (gram) is harder to treat with antibiotics?

A

gram negative bacteria

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9
Q

cocci bacterial shape

A

spherical bacteria

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10
Q

bacili bacterial shape

A

rod shaped bacteria

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11
Q

spirilla bacterial shaped

A

spiral

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12
Q

vibrio bacterial shaped

A

curved

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13
Q

aerobic bacteria

A

live in the presence of oxygen

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14
Q

anaerobic bacteria

A

live without oxygen

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15
Q

what type of bacteria can live in both environments?

A

facultative bacteria

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16
Q

steps for viral reproduction

A

Attachment: virus attaches to specific molecules on the cell surface
Once the virus has docked on the attachment protein, it can enter the cell
Penetration: the virus is endocytosed into the cell
Uncoating: the virus’ outer protein coat is removed, exposing the nucleic acid generated
Replication: The nucleic acid captures the cells reproductive mechanisms and replicates its nucleic acids and synthesis new protein coats
Assembly and Release: virus is assembled into a little endosome full of viruses, which go to the cell surface and are then released

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17
Q

fluids found on the surface of epithelia contain the bodys natural antibiotics known as?

A

anti-microbial peptides

18
Q

define innate immunity

A

non-specific defence system that is against all pathogens

19
Q

type of immunity that involves white blood cells

A

cell- mediated immunity

20
Q

define anatomical barriers

A

physical and chemical defences

21
Q

define humoral immunity

A

involves structures present in body fluids

22
Q

antimicrobial peptides can directly kill microorganisms by?

A

creating electrostatic interaction (theyre charged), which can rupture bacterial membranes breaking them down or potentially inhibiting their function

23
Q

antimicrobial peptides can either? (function)

A

directly kill microbes or modulate host immunity

24
Q

how can antimicrobial peptides modulate host immunity?

A

chemotactic- recruit or activate immunocytes
TLR response- neutralise bacterial products to suppress inflammation
- enhance nucleic acid recognition to promote auto-inflammation

25
Q

where do white blood cells come from?

A

bone marrow, where we stem cells

26
Q

cells of adaptive immune system

A

B cells- memory and plasma cell
T cells- Helper T cell and cytotoxic T cell

27
Q

Cells of innate immune system

A

Mast cell, Basophil, Eosinophil, Neutrophil, Macrophage, Dendritic cell, Natural killer cells

28
Q

Examples of Granulocytes

A

Basophil, Eosinophil, neutrophil

29
Q

Examples of Phagocytes

A

Neutrophil, Macrophage , dendritic cell, Natural killer cell

30
Q

Define adaptive immune system

A

Pathogen-specific immune system developed after exposure to pathogen or vaccine

31
Q

Time frame frame for adaptive immunity

A

Acts slowly over hours to days

32
Q

T cells can either be?

A

cytotoxic cells - kill the bacteria
Helper cells - help cascade the reaction

33
Q

B cells can either be?

A

Plasma cells - Make the antibodies
Memory cells - important in vaccines and our long term resistance to infection

34
Q

Antibodies can neutralise viruses how?

A

Surround the virus and inactivate it, presenting it from attaching to other healthy cells

35
Q

Define neutralising antibodies

A

Antibodies that bind to inactivate viruses and toxins

36
Q

antibodies can also recruit things called?

A

complement

37
Q

Explain the antibacterial property of complement

A

cascades and escalates the inflammatory process, and also tag bacteria for phagocytosis

38
Q

what activates the complement system and what is triggered?

A

Antigen - antibody complexes triggering the antibacterial activity

39
Q

Define microbiota

A

all microorganisms living in and on a human

40
Q

define microbiome

A

All of the genes of these organisms

41
Q

How can we share our microbiota?

A

talking, moving, touching, breathing, clothes