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IDC Stuff > Structural & Functional Organization of Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Structural & Functional Organization of Nervous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

how many pairs of cranial nerves are there

A

12

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2
Q

where do cranial nerves emerge from

A

the base of the brain

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3
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves are there

A

31 pairs

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4
Q

spinal nerves emerge form where

A

spinal cord

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5
Q

what are specialized cell that monitor the chain of the internal and external environment

Such as photoreceptors in the retina of the eye

A

Sensory receptors

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6
Q

what are Small masses of nervous tissue consisting of neuronal cell bodies that are located outside the brain and spinal cord

A

Ganglia

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7
Q

what are Extensive network of nerves that are located in the walls of the gastrointestinal tract that help regulate the digestive system.

A

Enteric Plexus

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8
Q

what are the three basic functions of the nervous system

A

Sensory function = afferent

Integrative function

Motor function = efferent

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9
Q

out of the 3 basic function of the Nervous system which one Detect internal and external stimuli and carry information into brain and spinal cord via cranial and spinal nerves

A

Sensory function (afferent)

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10
Q

out of the 3 basic function of the Nervous system which one deals with Perception and Analyzes and storing information to help lead to appropriate responses

A

Integrative function

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11
Q

out of the 3 basic function of the Nervous system which one is described as the integration occurs the brain may elicit motor response to muscles or glands (effectors) via cranial and spinal nerves.

A

Motor function

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12
Q

Nervous tissue consists of two cells

A

Neurons

Neuroglia

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13
Q

out of the two Nervous tissue which one Provide most of the unique functions of the nervous system

A

Neurons

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14
Q

out of the two Nervous tissue which one provides Function to provide support, nourishment, and protection

A

Neuroglia

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15
Q

what are the parts of the neuron

A

dendrites

cell body

axon

axon terminals

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16
Q

Parts of the Neuron:

what part contains the Nucleus, cytoplasm with typical organelles

A

Cell body

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17
Q

Parts of the Neuron:

what part is highly branched structures that carry impulses to the cell body

A

Dendrites

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18
Q

Parts of the Neuron:

what part Conducts away from cell body toward another neuron, muscle or gland and Emerges at cone-shaped axon hillock

A

Axon

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19
Q

Parts of the Neuron:

what part Contain synaptic vesicles that can release neurotransmitters

A

Axon terminals:

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20
Q

what are Structural Classes of Neurons

A

Multipolar

Bipolar

Unipolar

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21
Q

what are Structural Classes of Neurons Has several or many dendrites and one axon and is Most common type in brain and spinal cord

A

Multipolar

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22
Q

what are Structural Classes of Neurons Has one dendrite and one axon

A

Bipolar

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23
Q

what are Structural Classes of Neurons has fused dendrite and axon and Sensory neurons of spinal nerves

A

Unipolar

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24
Q

what are the Functional Classes of Neurons

A

Sensory = afferent

Motor = efferent

Interneurons = association neurons

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25
Q

what Functional Class of Neurons Convey impulses into CNS (brain or spinal cord)

A

Sensory = afferent

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26
Q

what Functional Class of Neurons Convey impulses from brain or spinal cord out through the PNS to
effectors (muscles or glands)

A

Motor (efferent)

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27
Q

what Functional Class of Neurons Located within the CNS and Transmit impulses between neurons, such as between sensory and motor neurons

A

Interneurons (association neurons)

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28
Q

what are the characteristics Neuroglia

A

Support, nourish, and protect neurons

Critical for homeostasis of interstitial fluid around neurons

Cells smaller but much more numerous than neurons

Make up about half the volume of the CNS

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29
Q

what are the Functions of Neuroglia

A

Do NOT generate or conduct nerve impulses

In case of injury or disease, neuroglia can multiply to fill in space formerly occupied by neurons

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30
Q

what are the type of Neuroglia

A

Astrocytes

Oligodendrocytes

Microglia

Ependymal

Schwann

Satellite cells

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31
Q

Astrocytes form what

A

blood brain barrier (CNS)

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32
Q

Oligodendrocytes produce what

A

myelin in CNS (CNS)

33
Q

Microglia protects what

A

CNS cells from disease (CNS)

34
Q

Ependymal cells form what

A

CSF in ventricles (CNS)

35
Q

Schwann cells produce what

A

myelin around PNS neurons (PNS)

36
Q

Satellite cells support what

A

neurons in PNS ganglia (PNS)

37
Q

Most axon are surrounded by a what and for what purpose

A

myelin sheath

Insulates the axon and speeds up the nerve impulse

38
Q

Myelin increases a what stages of birth

A

birth to maturity

39
Q

Gaps in myelin along the axon are called

A

Nodes of Ranvier

40
Q

What diseases destroy myelin sheaths

A

Multiple Sclerosis and Tay-Sachs

41
Q

a cluster of neuron cell bodies are divided into what two subcategories

A

Ganglion

Nucleus

42
Q

Cluster of cell bodies in PNS are referred to what

A

Ganglion

43
Q

Cluster of cell bodies in CNS

A

Nucleus

44
Q

Bundle of axons in PNS are called

A

Nerves

45
Q

Bundle of axons in CNS are called

A

tract

46
Q

white matter is Primarily

A

myelinated axons

47
Q

what makes up grey matter

A

Cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon

terminals, neuroglia

48
Q

in the spinal cord what type of mater is identified by the “H” or “butterfly” shape

what type of matter surrounds the “H” or “butterfly” shape

A

grey matter

white matter

49
Q

Axons and dendrites in the PNS can be repaired if what

A

cell body is intact

and Schwann cells functional.

50
Q

even if cell body is intact Regeneration of CNS neurons is ______, why

A

limited

Inhibited by neuroglia and by lack of fetal growth-stimulator cues

51
Q

Action potentials, or nerve impulses, allow for ?

A

communication between neurons

52
Q

what is required for action potential

A

resting membrane potential

Ion channels

53
Q

what is required for action potential

A

resting membrane potential

Ion channels

STIMULUS

54
Q

characterize a resting membrane potential

A

charge difference across cell

membrane (polarization)

55
Q

characterize Ion channels

A

Allow ions to move by diffusion from high to low concentration

56
Q

Action potentials are part of a series of events that activate cell membranes where

A

neuron or muscle fiber

57
Q

STIMULUS Triggers resting membrane to become more permeable to

A

Sodium (Na+)

58
Q

STIMULUS Causes enough Na+ to enter cell so that cell membrane reaches threshold of ?

A

-55 mv

59
Q

If threshold is reached what happens

A

an action potential arises(“all or nothing response”)

60
Q

what are the type of conduction

A

Continuous conduction

Saltatory conduction

61
Q

which type of conduction is slower and In unmyelinated axons, currents flow across adjacent portions of the plasma membrane

A

Continuous conduction

62
Q

which type of conduction In myelinated axons, Nodes of Ranvier allow impulses to “leap” from one node to the next

A

Saltatory conduction

63
Q

Synapses allow neurons to communicate with

A

other neurons or effectors

64
Q

how is Synaptic Transmission triggered

A

by action potential

65
Q

what are the components of synapse

A

Presynaptic neuron = Sending neuron

Synaptic cleft = Space between neurons

Postsynaptic neuron =Receiving neuron

66
Q

in a Synaptic Transmission Action potential arrives where

A

presynaptic neuron’s end bulb

67
Q

describe what happens Action potential arrives at presynaptic neuron’s end bulb

A

(e) Opens voltage gated Ca2+ channels
1) Ca2+ flows into presynaptic cytosol
(f) Increased Ca2+ concentration causes exocytosis of
synaptic vesicles

(g) Neurotransmitter (NT) released into cleft
(h) NT diffuse across cleft and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell membrane
(i) NT acts as chemical trigger, opening ion channels which changes the voltage across the postsynaptic cell membrane
(j) Postsynaptic cell membrane may be depolarized or hyperpolarized, depending on which ions were admitted

(k) If threshold reached (-55mV) then postsynaptic AP
results and nerve impulse is triggered

(l) One-way transmission: Action potentials can only travel in one direction from dendrite to axon.
(m) NT removed from cleft via diffusion, destruction by enzymes such as Achase, or transport back into presynaptic cell (recycling)

68
Q

what are the Neurotransmitters

A

Acetylcholine (ACh): Common in PNS

Amino acids

Modified amino acids

Neuropeptides such as endorphins

Nitric oxide (NO)

69
Q

Central Nervous System consist of

A

Consists of the brain and spinal cord

70
Q

where are the sources of thoughts, emotions, and memories

A

Central Nervous System

71
Q

Peripheral Nervous System Includes all the nervous tissue where

A

outside the central nervous system Include the cranial nerves, spinal nerves, ganglia and sensory nerves

72
Q

Peripheral Nervous System can be divided

A

Somatic nervous system (SNS)

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Enteric nervous system (ENS)

73
Q

Somatic Nervous System Sensory neurons Convey info from

A

head, body wall, and limbs and from receptors for special senses (vision, hearing, taste smell) to CNS

74
Q

Somatic Nervous System Motor neurons Conduct impulses from where to where

A

CNS to skeletal muscles

voluntary control

75
Q

Autonomic nervous system Sensory neurons Convey information from receptors in the ___ to where

A

visceral organs (stomach and lungs)

to

CNS

76
Q

Autonomic nervous system Motor neurons Conduct impulses from ____ to where

A

CNS

to

smooth muscles,
cardiac muscles, and glands (involuntary control)

77
Q

Autonomic nervous system Motor neurons is subdivided into

A

Sympathetic: “fight or flight”

Parasympathetic: “rest and digest”

78
Q

Enteric Nervous System “Brain of the gut” Sensory neurons Monitor _____, where

A

chemical changes in GI tract, stretching of

walls

79
Q

Enteric Nervous System “Brain of the gut” Motor neurons Regulate what

A

contractions, acid secretion, endocrine cell

secretions

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