Dental Flashcards
What are accessory digestive organs that are responsible for mastication or mechanical digestion in the mouth?
Teeth
What initiates the breakdown of starches?
Salivary amylase
What breaks down triglycerides into fatty acids?
Lingual lipase
What are the regions of the tooth?
Crown
Neck
Root
What are the tissues of the the tooth?
Enamel
Dentin
Pulp
What are the attachment apparatus’?
Periodontal ligament
cermentum
alveolar process
What are the 4 types of teeth?
Incisors
Canines
Premolars
Molars
What is another term for canine teeth?
Cuspids
What is another term for premolar teeth?
Bicuspid
What are the non-keratinized parts of the oral cavity?
Cheeks (buccal) Lips (labial/facial) Soft Palate Ventral/lateral tongue Arches
What are the areas that are keratinized in the oral cavity?
Hard palate
Dorsal Tongue
Gingiva
What structure forms the lateral walls of the oral cavity?
Cheeks or buccal
What are the fleshy folds surrounding the opening of the mouth?
Lips or labial/facial
What structure is a wall or septum that separates the oral and nasal cavity?
Palate or palatal
What is an accessory digestive organ composed of skeletal muscle covered with mucous membrane?
Tongue or lingual
What fluids do lingual glands in the lamina propria of the tongue secrete that contain enzyme lingual lipase?
mucus and watery serous fluid
What are the two muscular folds that run down the lateral sides of the soft palate?
Palatoglossal arch (Anterior) Palatopharyngeal arch (posterior)
What structures are positioned between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches?
Palatine tonsils
What is the midline fold of tissue that helps anchor the tongue to the floor of the mouth and lips to the gingiva?
Frenulum
What is the keratinized epithelial tissue that covers the alveolar processes and extend slightly into each socket?
Gingiva or gums
What is the triangle of tissue that gingiva form to fill the space between each tooth coronal to the base of the gums?
interdental papilla
What is the freely moveable non-keratinized mucosa that connects the freely moveable tissue of the cheecks and lips to the the gingiva?
mucogingival junction/fold
What is the visible region of the tooth above the gums?
Crown
What is the region of the tooth which encompasses the junction of the crown and root?
Neck
The neck contains what structure that is located where enamel and cementum meet?
Cementumal Enamel Junction (CEJ)
What is the region of the tooth that is embedded into the socket?
Root
What is the tissue of the trooth that covers the crown?
Enamel
The enamel is harder than bone and consists primarily of what?
Calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate
The enamel, the hardest substance in the body, protects the tooth from what?
wear and tear
acids that dissolve dentin
What is the tissue that forms the majority of the tooth and gives basic shape and rigidity?
Dentin
What is the dry weight of the enamel and dentin?
95% Enamel
70% Dentin
What is the connective tissue of the tooth located within the pulp cavity and contains blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels?
Pulp
What are the narrow extensions of the pulp called?
root canals
What is the opening at the base of each root canal where vessels and nerves extend?
apical foramen
What do the vessels and nerves of the pulp provide?
Blood vessel-nourishment
Lymphatic vessel-protection
nerves-sensation
What is the tissue of the attachment apparatus which cover the dentin of the roots that attaches the root to the periodontal ligament?
Cementum
What are tissues of the attacment apparatus that lines tooth sockets and anchors teeth to the socket walls?
Periodontal ligaments
What part of the attachment apparatus are innervated and provide proprioception?
Periodontal ligaments
What is the tissue of the attachment apparatus that is the thickened ridge of bone, contains tooth sockets that hold teeth in the mandible and maxilla?
Alveolar process
How many roots can be found on a tooth?
one (single-rooted)
two (bifurcated)
three (trifurcated)
more than three (multi-rooted)
Incisors, a one root tooth, are chisel-shaped and are responsible for action?
cutting into food
Incisors are referred to what based on their position?
Central or lateral incisiors
Canine or cuspids, one rooted tooth, have a pointed surface called a cusp and are responsible for what action?
tear and shred food
Premolars or bicuspids, two cusps/roots, are responsible for what action?
crushing and grinding
Molars are responsible for what action?
crushing and grinding
Molars have how many cusps?
four to five
How many roots do molars have?
two to three or more
What are the most posterior molars known as?
wisdom teeth
How many teeth are in the adult mouth?
32
What is the top-right most posterior molar number?
1
What is the top-left most posterior molar number?
16
What is the bottom-left most posterior molar number?
17
What is the bottom-right most posterior molar number?
32
What is a fused pair of facial bones that contains the upper teeth, hard plate and V2 branch of CN V?
maxilla
What is the largest/strongest facial bone that contains the lower teeth and is the only moveable skull bone?
Mandible
Each ramus has a posterior condyle that articulates with the temporal bone that forms the?
Temporal Mandibular Joint (TMJ)
What are the nerves of the maxilla and mandible?
Infraorbital (IO) Maxillary (V2) -Anterior Superior Alveolar (ASA) -Middle Superior Alveolar (MSA) -Posterior Superior Alveolar (PSA) Mandibular (V3) -Inferior Alveolar (IA) -Lingual -Mental
What are the salivary glands?
Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual
Which gland secretes saliva into the oral cavity via Stenson’s duct?
Parotid gland
What gland secretes into Wharton’s duct?
Submandibular
What is saliva made of?
- 5% water
0. 5% solutes
What are some of the solutes in saliva?
sodium ions phosphate ions chloride ions bicarbonate ions phosphate ions
What are the various organic substances present that mix with saliva?
urea uric acid mucus immunoglobulin A bacteriolytic enzyme lysozyme salivary amylases lingual lipase
Mesial means?
Towards midline
Distal means?
Away from midline
Lingual means?
toward tongue
Buccal means?
toward cheek
Facial means?
toward face
Labial means?
toward lips
Palatal means?
toward palate
interproximal means?
in between
Occlusal means?
biting surface of molars and premolars
Incisal means?
biting surface of laterals and canines
What are the medications used as an anesthetic?
2% Lidocaine/Xylocaine
0.5% Bupivacaine/Marcaine
What is the half life of Lido and Marcaine?
Lido-1.6hrs
Marcaine-3.5hrs
What are indications for anesthetic application?
Lac repair Incision and drainage oral pain management repositioning/inserting traumatized teeth teeth extraction
What are contraindications of anesthetic use?
History of allergy or reaction to local anesthetics
Cardiac compromised patients
Liver or kidney problems
Uncooperative patients
What are some potential complications of anesthetic use?
Syncope Broken needle Hematoma Persistent paresthesia Ischemic ulcer with potential necrosis Blanching Tachycardia Burning sensation Severed nerve
What are some signs and symptoms of anesthetic overdose?
Slurred speech and/or disorientation Shivering Twitching, facial muscle tremors Lightheadedness / dizziness Visual and/or auditory disturbances Drowsiness Hypertension (mild), Hypotension (severe) Warm / flushed skin Pleasant dreamlike state
What is the equipment needed for anesthetic administration?
10mL syringe with Luer-Lok hub OR dental anesthetic aspirating syringe
Anesthetic vial OR 1.8 mL anesthetic cartridge
1 or 1½ inch, 25-30 gauge needle
Topical anesthetic with cotton tip applicator (optional)
Local infiltration is the deposition of local anesthetic where?
directly at or near small terminal nerve endings in the immediate area of treatment
Regional block is the deposition of local anesthetic where?
Near a major nerve trunk at a greater distance from the area of treatment
Provides wider area of anesthesia
What are examples of regional blocks?
ASA: Anterior Superior Alveolar MSA: Middle Superior Alveolar PSA: Posterior Superior Alveolar IA: Inferior Alveolar MI: Mental Incisal
What are some indications for the inferior alveolar block?
Anesthesia of the entire hemi-mandible
Fracture repair, removal of teeth, or pain control
