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GI Flashcards

1
Q

What two groups of organs make up the digestive system

A

Gastrointestinal tract (alimentary)
Accessory digestive organs

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2
Q

The gastrointestinal tract extends from the __________ to the _________

A

Mouth to the anus

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3
Q

What anatomy is considered the GI tract

A

Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine

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4
Q

What are the accessory digestive organs

A

Teeth
tongue
salivary gland
liver
gallbladder
Pancreas

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5
Q

What is the function of accessory digestive organs

A

Aid in digestion

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6
Q

What are the three regions of the abdomen

A

Intrathoracic
True abdomen
Retroperitoneal

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7
Q

What defines an organ as intrathoracic

A

Enclosed by the lower ribs and immediately distal to the diaphragm

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8
Q

Intrathoracic organs

A

Liver
Gallbladder
Spleen
Stomach
Transverse

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9
Q

What is contained in the true abdomen

A

Large and small intestines, portion of the liver, and the bladder

Females: uterus, Fallopian tubes, ovaries

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10
Q

How is retroperitoneal defined

A

Lies behind the thoracic and true portions, separated by the retroperitoneal membrane

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11
Q

Retroperitoneal organs

A

Kidneys
Urters
Pancreas
Posterior duodenum
Ascending and descending colon
Inferior vena cava

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12
Q

What are the six basic functions of digestion

A

Ingestion
Secretion
Mixing and propulsion
Digestion
Absorption
Defecation

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13
Q

What is ingestion

A

Taking in food and liquid through the mouth

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14
Q

What is secretion

A

Cells lining the GI tract produce water, acid, buffers and enzymes to aid digestion

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15
Q

What is Mixing and propulsion

A

Continuous contraction and relaxation moving food along the tract.

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16
Q

What is digestion

A

Mechanical and chemical process that breaks down food

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17
Q

What is absorption

A

Small molecules produced in digestion move into spaces to be used by cells

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18
Q

What is defecation

A

Elimination of materials not absorbed by our body

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19
Q

What are the layers of the GI tract

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa

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20
Q

Mucosa in the GI tract is the ________

A

Innermost lining in direct contact with the substances passing through

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21
Q

What is the submucosa within the GI tract

A

Areolar connective tissue that connects the mucosa and the muscularis. Contains blood and lymph vessels

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22
Q

What does the muscularis contain within the GI tract

A

Skeletal and smooth muscles

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23
Q

What are the layers of the serosa

A

Visceral peritoneum
Parietal peritoneum

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24
Q

What is the visceral peritoneum

A

Outmost layer around the organs

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25
Q

What is the parietal peritoneum

A

Lines the walls of the abdominal cavity

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26
Q

Define the greater omentum

A

Fatty apron that drapes over transverse colon and small intestine

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27
Q

What is mesentery

A

Binds the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall

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28
Q

Name the salivary glands

A

Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual

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29
Q

What is the function of salivary glands

A

Dissolve food and begin digestion
Contain lysosomes that kill bacteria
Mucous produced to lubricate food
Amylase begins digestion of starches in mouth

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30
Q

What percentage of saliva is water

A

99.5% water

0.5% solutes

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31
Q

The tongue is what type of organ

A

Accessory digestive organ

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32
Q

Define the frenulum

A

Fold of mucous membrane in the midline underneath tongue that limits posterior movement

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33
Q

What is the function of teeth

A

Perform mechanical digestion (chewing and breaking down food)

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34
Q

What is the pharynx

A

Funnel shape tube, located posterior end of oral cavity and comprised of skeletal muscle

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35
Q

Name the branches of the pharynx

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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36
Q

Where is the esophagus located

A

Posterior to the trachea

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37
Q

Where the esophagus begins and ends

A

Begins at the end of the pharynx
Ends at the superior aspect of the stomach

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38
Q

What are the sphincters of the esophagus

A

Upper esophageal - skeletal muscle
Lower esophageal - smooth muscle

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39
Q

Define the function of esophagus

A

Transport food along its path, mixing it with mucous

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40
Q

Phases of swallowing

A

Voluntary
Pharyngeal
Esophageal

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41
Q

What is voluntary swallowing

A

Bolus forced into oropharynx from upward movement of tongue against palate

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42
Q

What is pharyngeal swallowing

A

Breathing is temporarily stopped, soft palate and uvula move up to close of nasopharynx, epiglottis closes off larynx and UES relaxes to allow bolus to move into esophagus

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43
Q

What is esophageal swallowing

A

Good is pushed through esophagus via peristalsis, LES relaxes and bolus moves to stomach

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44
Q

Describe the stomach

A

J shaped organ which serves as a mixing chamber for food. Aids in digestion

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45
Q

What is the pH of stomach

A

2 (acidic, < 7)

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46
Q

The stomach can accommodate up to _____ liters of food

A

6.4 liters

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47
Q

The stomachs extends from where and ends where

A

Extends from end of esophagus and ends at the top of the duodenum

48
Q

Four main regions of stomach

A

Cardia
Fundus
Body
Pylorus

49
Q

What are gastric gland cells

A

Exocrine cells that combine to make gastric juices

50
Q

What are the 3 types of gastric exocrine cells

A

Mucous neck cells
Chief cells
Parietal cells

51
Q

Function of mucous neck cells

A

Secrete mucous

52
Q

Function of chief cells

A

Secrete pepsinogen

53
Q

Function of parietal cells

A

Secrete hydrochloride acid and intrinsic factor

54
Q

What converts Pepsinogen into pepsin

A

Hydrochloride acid

55
Q

Why is intrinsic factor needed

A

Absorption of B12 in small intestines

56
Q

What is the function of G cells

A

Secrete gastrin into the bloodstream

57
Q

What is gastrin

A

The major hormone regulator of hydrochloride acid secretion

58
Q

Define Chyme

A

Thick liquid with pea soup consistency made up up gastric juices and macerated food

59
Q

What type of functions does the pancreas have

A

Endocrine and exocrine

60
Q

Specialized areas within the pancreas are called?

A

Islets of Langerhans

61
Q

Islets of langerhans are made up of different cells that make what?

62
Q

The most common cells within the islet of langerhans

A

Beta cells

63
Q

Insulin is produced by what cell?

A

Beta cells

64
Q

Alpha cells are found where

A

Islet of langerhans

65
Q

Alpha cells produce

66
Q

What role does glucagon play within the body

A

Prevent blood glucose levels dropping too low

67
Q

Is the pancreas Retroperitoneal or intra abdominal

A

Retroperitoneal behind the stomach

68
Q

Secretions within the pancreas pass through what duct

A

Pancreatic duct

69
Q

The hepatopancreatic duct is formed by

A

The common bile duct and the pancreatic duct

70
Q

From the hepatopancreatic duct, secretions pass through the

A

Sphincter of Oddi

71
Q

What are pancreatic juices

A

Clear colorless liquid made up of three enzymes

72
Q

Enzymes in pancreatic juices

A

Trypsin and chymotrypsin
Pancreatic amylase
Pancreatic lipase
Ribonuclease

73
Q

Trypsin and chymotrypsin help digest what

A

Protein, broken down into amino acids, dipeptides and tripeptides

74
Q

Pancreatic amylase helps digest what

A

Starch (carbs), absorbed as monosaccharides

75
Q

Pancreatic lipase breaks down what

A

Triglyceride (fat), absorbed as monoglycerides and fatty acids

76
Q

Ribonuclease break down what

A

Nucleic acid

77
Q

Second largest organ in the body

78
Q

The liver is responsible for what

A

Carbohydrate metabolism
Lipid metabolism
Protein metabolism
Processing drugs and hormones
Excretion of bilirubin
Storage of vitamins and minerals
Activation of vitamin D

79
Q

What makes poop brown

A

Stercobilin

80
Q

What is the major functional cell of the liver

A

Hepatocyte

81
Q

Hepatocytes have what functions

A

Metabolic
Secretory
Endocrine

82
Q

Describe the gallbladder

A

Pear shaped sac that hangs from inferior margin of the liver

83
Q

Function of the gallbladder

A

Stores bile
Aids in chemical digestion especially fats

84
Q

Bile and waste created in the liver are passed into what ducts

A

Left and right hepatic duct

85
Q

Bile produced in the gallbladder secreted through what duct

A

Cystic duct

86
Q

Muscular valve that controls the passage of contents from the hepatopancreatic duct to the duodenum

A

Sphincter of Oddi

87
Q

Segment of GI system that comes after the stomach

A

Small intestine

88
Q

Length of the small intestine

A

Approx 3m (10ft), 6.5 (21ft) cadaver

89
Q

What are intestinal glands

A

Contain three types of endocrine cells that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

90
Q

Types of intestinal gland cells

A

S cells
CCK cells
K cells

91
Q

Purpose of S cells

A

Secrete secretin, stimulates release of pancreatic juices

92
Q

Purpose of CCK cells

A

Secrete cholecystokinin, regulates gastric emptying

93
Q

How do CCK cells stimulate gastric emptying

A

Stimulates bile and pancreatic juice secretion which causes relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi, and feeling of satiety

94
Q

Segments of the small intestine

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

95
Q

Significant landmark of the duodenum

A

Ligament of Trietz, connects at the duodenal-Jejunal flexure

96
Q

Ligament of Trietz denotes what

A

Upper/lower GI bleed

97
Q

What is the middle section of the small intestine

98
Q

Primary function of the Jejunum

A

Absorption of sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids

99
Q

What attaches to the large intestine at the ileocecal sphincter/valve

100
Q

Function of the ileum

A

Absorb remaining nutrients, B12, and bile salts

101
Q

Types of digestion

A

Mechanical and chemical

102
Q

What is mechanical digestion

A

Segmentation and peristalsis

103
Q

What is chemical digestion

A

Pancreatic enzymes, bile and intestinal juice

104
Q

Define absorption

A

Nutrients are broken down into their simplest form to be absorbed

105
Q

Last part of the GI tract

A

Large intestine

106
Q

Regions of the large intestine

A

Cecum
Colon
Rectum
Anal canal

107
Q

The appendix attaches to what

108
Q

Portions of the colon

A

Ascending/descending
Transverse
Sigmoid

109
Q

Purpose of the rectum

A

Connects the sigmoid colon to the anus

110
Q

What consists of the anal canal

A

Last 2-3cm of the rectum.
Internal (involuntary) sphincter
External (voluntary) sphincter

111
Q

Function of the large intestine

A

Finishes absorption of water, electrolytes and vitamins

Forms and holds feces

112
Q

What are the phases of digestion

A

Cephalic
Gastric
Intestinal

113
Q

What is cephalic digestion

A

Smell, sight, sound or thought of food stimulates salivary glands and gastric glands

114
Q

What is gastric digestion

A

When food enters the stomach, gastrin is released

115
Q

What is intestinal digestion

A

Food enters the small intestines, pancreatic juices promote absorption

IDC Stuff (67 decks)

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