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IDC Stuff > Structural & Functional Organization of Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Structural & Functional Organization of Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

What is the central organ of the cardiovascular system?

A

Heart

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2
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

Between the lungs, 2/3 of its mass is left of midline

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3
Q

What surrounds the heart and protects and holds the heart in place?

A

Pericardium

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4
Q

What are the two parts of the pericardium?

A

Fibrous pericardium

Serous Pericardium

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5
Q

What are the layers of the serous pericardium?

A

Parietal

Visceral

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6
Q

What part of the pericardium is tough, inelastic and outer connective tissue?

A

Fibrous Pericardium

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7
Q

What part of the pericardium is thinner, delicate and forms double layer around the heart?

A

Serous pericardium

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8
Q

What are the functions of the pericardium to protect the heart?

A

Anchoring in place

Prevents from over stretching

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9
Q

The base of the heart is formed by the ________.

A

Atria

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10
Q

The apex of the heart is the pointed end of the heart, formed by the tip of the ___________.

A

Left ventricle

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11
Q

What layer of the serous pericardium is fused to fibrous pericardium?

A

Parietal layer

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12
Q

What layer of the serous pericardium adheres tightly to the heart?

A

Visceral layer

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13
Q

What is between the two serous layers that prevents friction between membranes?

A

Pericardial fluid

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14
Q

What are the three layers that make up the heart?

A

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

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15
Q

What layer of the heart also is a part of the serous visceral layer?

A

Epicardium

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16
Q

What layer of the heart forms two separate networks via gap junctions and intercalated disk?

A

Myocardium

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17
Q

What layer of the heart lines the inside of the myocardium and covers valves?

A

Endocardium

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18
Q

What are the four chambers of the heart?

A

Two Atria

Two Ventricles

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19
Q

What are the atriums in the heart separated by?

A

Interatrial septum

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20
Q

What separates the ventricles in the heart?

A

interventricular septum

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21
Q

What chamber(s) is the thinnest and the thickest?

A

Thin- Atriums

Thick- Left Ventricle

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22
Q

What are the atrioventricular (AV) valves? How many cusps do they have?

A

Tricuspid (3)

Bicuspid or Mitral (2)

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23
Q

What connects to the papillary muscles and prevents valves from pushing up into the atria when ventricles contract?

A

Chordae tendineae

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24
Q

What are the semilunar (SL) valves that close secondary to a pressure change? How many cusps?

A

Aortic (3)

Pulmonic (3)

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25
Q

What are the major blood vessels that drain deoxygenated blood from the upper and lower body into the right atrium?

A

Superior and Inferior vena cava

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26
Q

What major blood vessel drains deoxygenated blood from the coronary veins into the right atrium?

A

Coronary sinus

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27
Q

What major blood vessels that deoxygenated blood moves from the right ventricle to the lungs to be oxygenated?

A

Pulmonary trunk and pulmonary artery

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28
Q

What major blood vessel carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium?

A

Pulmonary veins

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29
Q

What major blood vessel carries oxygenated blood to the entire body from the left ventricle?

A

Aorta

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30
Q

Where does blood flow into the heart from the superior and inferior vena cava?

A

Right atrium

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31
Q

Where does blood go from the right atrium? What valve does it pass?

A

Right ventricle

Tricuspid valve

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32
Q

Where does blood from the right ventricle go to? What valve does it pass?

A

Pulmonary trunk and artery

Pulmonic valve

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33
Q

Where does blood go to after oxygenation in the lungs?

A

Left atrium

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34
Q

Where does blood go to from the left atrium? What valve does it go through?

A

Left Ventricle

Bicuspid or Mitral valve

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35
Q

Where does blood go to from the left ventricle? What valve does it pass through?

A

Aorta

Aortic valve

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36
Q

Blood that flows through the myocardium is known as what?

A

Coronary circulation

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37
Q

What are the two principle coronary vessels?

A

Right coronary artery

Left coronary artery

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38
Q

Where do the coronary arteries branch from and what is their function?

A

Aorta

supply the heart with O2 rich blood

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39
Q

What collects the heart’s deoxygenated blood and returns it to the right atrium?

A

Coronary sinus

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40
Q

Cardiac excitation normally begins in what node?

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node

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41
Q

Where does the SA node discharge contraction impulses to?

A

Atriums (Bachmann’s Bundle)

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42
Q

After Bachmann’s Bundle firing, what node is activated?

A

Atrioventricular (AV) node

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43
Q

AV fires into branches known as what?

A

Bundle of His

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44
Q

Bundle of his goes to the ________.

A

Right and left bundle branches

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45
Q

The right and left bundle branches after the Bundle of His fire to what that contract the ventricles?

A

Purkinje Fibers

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46
Q

What are the three waves on a electrocardiogram reading?

A

P wave
QRS complex
T wave

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47
Q

P waves represent what in the heart?

A

Atrial depolarization

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48
Q

The QRS complex represents what on an ECG?

A

Ventricular depolarization

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49
Q

The T wave on an ECG represents what?

A

Ventricular repolarization

50
Q

What is the typical cardiac cycle length with one heartbeat?

A

0.8 Seconds

51
Q

What are the three phases in the cardiac cycle?

A

Relaxation
Artial systole
Ventricular systole

52
Q

What takes place in the relaxation period of the cardiac cycle?

A

Ventricles relax and repolarize
all four chambers are in a period of diastole
Ventricles are filled to 75%

53
Q

What occurs during the atrial systole phase?

A

Atriums depolarize, the last 25% of blood is ejected from the atria to the ventricles

54
Q

What occurs during the ventricular systole phase of the cardiac cycle?

A

Ventricles depolarize and eject the blood into the pulmonary trunk or aorta.

55
Q

Approximately how much blood is ejected into the systemic circulation per ventricle contraction?

A

70 ml

56
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle into the aorta per minute

57
Q

What is the formula for Cardiac Output?

A

Cardiac output = stroke volume X heart rate

Ex. 70ml/beat X 75 beats/min=5250 ml/min or 5.25 L/min

58
Q

What are the five main types of blood vessels found in the body?

A 
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins
59
Q

What vessel is thick, triple layered that carries blood away from the heart?

A

Artery

60
Q

What are thin vessels formed by arteries that branch down in size?

A

Arterioles

61
Q

What are hair-like microscopic vessels found throughout the body that are known as the exchange vessels and connect arterioles and venules?

A

Capillaries

62
Q

What are very thin vessels formed when capillaries reunite?

A

Venules

63
Q

What are designated vessels that return deoxygenated blood to the heart to be oxygenated?

A

Veins

64
Q

Which of the veins or arteries has thinner inner and middle layers with a larger lumen?

A

Veins

65
Q

Where does autoregulation in blood vessels take place?

A

Capillaries

66
Q

What is autoregulation?

A

The ability of local tissues to adjust blood flow into the area according to metabolic demand.

67
Q

What determines the amount of fluid in capillary circulation?

A

Balance of BP and osmosis

68
Q

Blood pressure is defined as what?

A

Pressure exerted on the walls of the vessels at ventricle contract

69
Q

Where is blood pressure the highest?

A

Aorta and large systemic arteries

70
Q

What percentage of blood loss is potentially life threatening?

A

10%

71
Q

What are factors that regulate blood flow and BP?

A

Blood volume and ventricular contraction

Vascular resistance: opposition to flow

72
Q

What are three examples of vascular resistance, opposition to flow?

A 
Smaller lumen (with vasoconstriction)
Greater vessel length (weight gain)
Higher viscosity (as with high hematocrit)
73
Q

The medulla oblongata, controlled by neural and hormonal feedback, control blood flow to the brain using three main receptors. They are what?

A

Proprioceptors
Baroreceptors
Chemoreceptors

74
Q

The proprioceptors monitor what?

A

Movements of the joints and muscles.

75
Q

The baroreceptors monitor what?

A

pressure in the aorta and carotid arteries

76
Q

Chemoreceptors are where and do what?

A

Reside in the arch of the aorta and carotid bodies

Stimulate symp/parasympathetic response to chemical changes

77
Q

What are the two main circulation pathways of blood through the body?

A

Systemic circulation

Pulmonary circulation

78
Q

Systemic circulation consist of what and serves what purpose?

A

Arteries, arterioles, veins and venules

Carries oxygenated and deoxygenated blood throughout the body and back to the heart

79
Q

All systemic veins empty into what?

All systemic arteries branch off what?

A

Superior/inferior vena cava, coronary sinus

Aorta

80
Q

Pulmonary circulation consist of what vessels and what are their functions?

A

Pulmonary artery/vein, capillaries

PA/V-Pump blood to and from the lungs to become oxygenated

Cap-gas exchanges to re-oxygenate the blood

81
Q

What are the four principle branches of the aorta?

A

The ascending aorta
Arch of the Aorta
Thoracic Descending Aorta
Abdominal Descending Aorta

82
Q

What are the arteries that branch from the arch of the aorta?

A

Ascending Aorta

Brachiocephalic trunk
Left common carotid artery
Left Subclavian artery

83
Q

Brachiocephalic trunk off the arch of the aorta branch into what?

A

Right common carotid artery

Right subclavian artery

84
Q

The right common carotid artery of the brachiocephalic trunk has an internal and external carotid that do what?

A

To the Right Side of head and neck
Internal-supplies blood to the internal structures of the skull (eye, ear, brain)
External- External structures of the skull

85
Q

The right subclavian artery off the brachiocephalic trunk supplies blood to what? It also branches off one major artery to the brain which is?

A

Right upper limb

Right vertebral artery

86
Q

The left common carotid artery of the brachiocephalic trunk has an internal and external carotid that do what?

A

To the Left Side of head and neck:
Internal-supplies blood to the internal structures of the skull (eye, ear, brain)
External- External structures of the skull

87
Q

The left subclavian artery supplies blood to what?

A

The left upper limb

88
Q

Subclavian arteries branch further into what arteries that supply what?

A

Axillary-shoulder
Brachial-upper arm
Radial-Lateral portion of forearm, wrist and hand
Ulnar-Medial portion of forearm, wrist and hand

89
Q

The thoracic aorta, a branch of the arch of the aorta, contain what arteries that supply blood where?

A

Bronchial-bronchi of the lungs
Esophageal-Esophagus
Posterior intercostal-intercostal and chest muscles
Superior phrenic-superior and posterior surfaces of diaphragm

90
Q

The abdominal aorta, a branch of the arch of the aorta, contains what arteries?

A 
Celiac trunk
Superior mesenteric
Suprarenal 
Renal
Gonadal
Inferior mesenteric
Common iliac
91
Q

The Celiac trunk has what branches that supply blood where?

A

Inferior phrenic-inferior surface of diaphragm
Common hepatic-liver, stomach, duodenum and pancreas
Left gastric-stomach and esophagus
Splenic-Spleen, pancreas and stomach

92
Q

The superior mesenteric artery supplies what?

A

Small intestine, cecum, ascending and transverse colons, and pancreas

93
Q

The suprarenal arteries supply blood to what?

A

Adrenal glands

94
Q

The renal arteries supply blood to the?

A

Kidneys

95
Q

The Gonadal arteries branch into the?

A

Testicular arteries
OR
Ovarian arteries

96
Q

The inferior mesenteric artery supplies what structures?

A

large intestine, part of the rectum and descending colon

97
Q

The external iliac arteries branch into what arteries?

A 
Femoral
Popliteal
Anterior tibial
Posterior tibial 
Medial and lateral plantar
98
Q

The internal iliac arteries supply what?

A

The pelvis

99
Q

Veins transfer blood back to the heart via pressure generated by what means?

A

Contractions of the heart
The skeletal muscle pump
The respiratory pump

100
Q

Veins have these that arteries lack to prevent backflow, what are they?

A

venous valves (one-way)

101
Q

Inhalation of the respiratory pump affects thoracic pressure and abdominal pressure how?

A

decrease thoracic pressure

increases abdominal pressure

102
Q

The pressure in the right atrium is approximately what mm Hg?

A

0 mm Hg

103
Q

What are the three systemic veins that empty into the heart?

A

Coronary sinus
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava

104
Q

The three main veins that drain blood from the head are?

A

Internal jugular
External jugular
Vertebral veins

105
Q

Principle veins drain blood back to the heart are broken into two categories, what are they?

A

Superficial

Deep

106
Q

Superficial veins and deep veins are easily distinguished how?

A

Deep veins will match the associated artery it travels with.

I.e. Radial vein and radial artery

107
Q

The superficial principle veins of the upper body are?

A

Cephalic
Basilic
Median antecubital

108
Q

The deep veins of the upper body are the?

A 
Radial
Ulnar
Brachial
Axillary
Subclavian
109
Q

The principle veins that drain the abdomen are via the?

A

Hepatic portal vein

110
Q

The hepatic portal circulation is from what organs and is delivered to what?

A

GI tract and spleen

Liver

111
Q

Blood returns from the liver after being processed and substances absorbed and returns to systemic circulation through what?

A

Hepatic vein

112
Q

The superficial principle veins that drain the lower body are

A

Great saphenous veins

Small saphenous veins

113
Q

The deep principle veins that drain blood from the lower body are

A

Posterior tibial
Anterior tibial
Popliteal
Femoral

114
Q

Pulse is assessed by holding pressure for one minute on what common arteries?

A 
Radial
Carotid 
Brachial
Popliteal
Femoral
Posterior tibialis 
Dorsalis Pedis
115
Q

Pulse rate is generally around 75 bpm, what is bradycardia and tachycardia rates?

A

brady- below 60

tachy- above 100

116
Q

Normal findings of the blood pressure are

A

Systolic- < 120

Diastolic- < 80

117
Q

What occurs with aging of the heart?

A

Stiffening of the aorta

Loss of cardiac muscle strength causing reduced cardiac output and increased systolic pressure.

118
Q

What diseases are we at risk of with loss of cardiac muscle strength?

A

Congestive heart failure (CHF)
Coronary artery disease (CAD)
Artherosclerosis

119
Q

What is the recommending amount of regular exercise to improve cardiovascular health?

A

20 mins, 3-5 times a week

120
Q

What are benefits of exercise?

A 
Low resting HR 40-60
BP control
Decrease anxiety and depression
Controls weight
Increases body's ability to dissolve clots by increasing fibrinolytic activity

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