Structural & Functional Organization of Cardiovascular Flashcards
What is the central organ of the cardiovascular system?
Heart
Where is the heart located?
Between the lungs, 2/3 of its mass is left of midline
What surrounds the heart and protects and holds the heart in place?
Pericardium
What are the two parts of the pericardium?
Fibrous pericardium
Serous Pericardium
What are the layers of the serous pericardium?
Parietal
Visceral
What part of the pericardium is tough, inelastic and outer connective tissue?
Fibrous Pericardium
What part of the pericardium is thinner, delicate and forms double layer around the heart?
Serous pericardium
What are the functions of the pericardium to protect the heart?
Anchoring in place
Prevents from over stretching
The base of the heart is formed by the ________.
Atria
The apex of the heart is the pointed end of the heart, formed by the tip of the ___________.
Left ventricle
What layer of the serous pericardium is fused to fibrous pericardium?
Parietal layer
What layer of the serous pericardium adheres tightly to the heart?
Visceral layer
What is between the two serous layers that prevents friction between membranes?
Pericardial fluid
What are the three layers that make up the heart?
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
What layer of the heart also is a part of the serous visceral layer?
Epicardium
What layer of the heart forms two separate networks via gap junctions and intercalated disk?
Myocardium
What layer of the heart lines the inside of the myocardium and covers valves?
Endocardium
What are the four chambers of the heart?
Two Atria
Two Ventricles
What are the atriums in the heart separated by?
Interatrial septum
What separates the ventricles in the heart?
interventricular septum
What chamber(s) is the thinnest and the thickest?
Thin- Atriums
Thick- Left Ventricle
What are the atrioventricular (AV) valves? How many cusps do they have?
Tricuspid (3)
Bicuspid or Mitral (2)
What connects to the papillary muscles and prevents valves from pushing up into the atria when ventricles contract?
Chordae tendineae
What are the semilunar (SL) valves that close secondary to a pressure change? How many cusps?
Aortic (3)
Pulmonic (3)
What are the major blood vessels that drain deoxygenated blood from the upper and lower body into the right atrium?
Superior and Inferior vena cava
What major blood vessel drains deoxygenated blood from the coronary veins into the right atrium?
Coronary sinus
What major blood vessels that deoxygenated blood moves from the right ventricle to the lungs to be oxygenated?
Pulmonary trunk and pulmonary artery
What major blood vessel carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium?
Pulmonary veins
What major blood vessel carries oxygenated blood to the entire body from the left ventricle?
Aorta
Where does blood flow into the heart from the superior and inferior vena cava?
Right atrium
Where does blood go from the right atrium? What valve does it pass?
Right ventricle
Tricuspid valve
Where does blood from the right ventricle go to? What valve does it pass?
Pulmonary trunk and artery
Pulmonic valve
Where does blood go to after oxygenation in the lungs?
Left atrium
Where does blood go to from the left atrium? What valve does it go through?
Left Ventricle
Bicuspid or Mitral valve
Where does blood go to from the left ventricle? What valve does it pass through?
Aorta
Aortic valve
Blood that flows through the myocardium is known as what?
Coronary circulation
What are the two principle coronary vessels?
Right coronary artery
Left coronary artery
Where do the coronary arteries branch from and what is their function?
Aorta
supply the heart with O2 rich blood
What collects the heart’s deoxygenated blood and returns it to the right atrium?
Coronary sinus
Cardiac excitation normally begins in what node?
Sinoatrial (SA) node
Where does the SA node discharge contraction impulses to?
Atriums (Bachmann’s Bundle)
After Bachmann’s Bundle firing, what node is activated?
Atrioventricular (AV) node
AV fires into branches known as what?
Bundle of His
Bundle of his goes to the ________.
Right and left bundle branches
The right and left bundle branches after the Bundle of His fire to what that contract the ventricles?
Purkinje Fibers
What are the three waves on a electrocardiogram reading?
P wave
QRS complex
T wave
P waves represent what in the heart?
Atrial depolarization
The QRS complex represents what on an ECG?
Ventricular depolarization
The T wave on an ECG represents what?
Ventricular repolarization
What is the typical cardiac cycle length with one heartbeat?
0.8 Seconds
What are the three phases in the cardiac cycle?
Relaxation
Artial systole
Ventricular systole
What takes place in the relaxation period of the cardiac cycle?
Ventricles relax and repolarize
all four chambers are in a period of diastole
Ventricles are filled to 75%
What occurs during the atrial systole phase?
Atriums depolarize, the last 25% of blood is ejected from the atria to the ventricles
What occurs during the ventricular systole phase of the cardiac cycle?
Ventricles depolarize and eject the blood into the pulmonary trunk or aorta.
Approximately how much blood is ejected into the systemic circulation per ventricle contraction?
70 ml
What is cardiac output?
the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle into the aorta per minute
What is the formula for Cardiac Output?
Cardiac output = stroke volume X heart rate
Ex. 70ml/beat X 75 beats/min=5250 ml/min or 5.25 L/min
What are the five main types of blood vessels found in the body?
Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venules Veins
What vessel is thick, triple layered that carries blood away from the heart?
Artery
What are thin vessels formed by arteries that branch down in size?
Arterioles
What are hair-like microscopic vessels found throughout the body that are known as the exchange vessels and connect arterioles and venules?
Capillaries
What are very thin vessels formed when capillaries reunite?
Venules
What are designated vessels that return deoxygenated blood to the heart to be oxygenated?
Veins
Which of the veins or arteries has thinner inner and middle layers with a larger lumen?
Veins
Where does autoregulation in blood vessels take place?
Capillaries
What is autoregulation?
The ability of local tissues to adjust blood flow into the area according to metabolic demand.
What determines the amount of fluid in capillary circulation?
Balance of BP and osmosis
Blood pressure is defined as what?
Pressure exerted on the walls of the vessels at ventricle contract
Where is blood pressure the highest?
Aorta and large systemic arteries
What percentage of blood loss is potentially life threatening?
10%
What are factors that regulate blood flow and BP?
Blood volume and ventricular contraction
Vascular resistance: opposition to flow
What are three examples of vascular resistance, opposition to flow?
Smaller lumen (with vasoconstriction) Greater vessel length (weight gain) Higher viscosity (as with high hematocrit)
The medulla oblongata, controlled by neural and hormonal feedback, control blood flow to the brain using three main receptors. They are what?
Proprioceptors
Baroreceptors
Chemoreceptors
The proprioceptors monitor what?
Movements of the joints and muscles.
The baroreceptors monitor what?
pressure in the aorta and carotid arteries
Chemoreceptors are where and do what?
Reside in the arch of the aorta and carotid bodies
Stimulate symp/parasympathetic response to chemical changes
What are the two main circulation pathways of blood through the body?
Systemic circulation
Pulmonary circulation
Systemic circulation consist of what and serves what purpose?
Arteries, arterioles, veins and venules
Carries oxygenated and deoxygenated blood throughout the body and back to the heart
All systemic veins empty into what?
All systemic arteries branch off what?
Superior/inferior vena cava, coronary sinus
Aorta
Pulmonary circulation consist of what vessels and what are their functions?
Pulmonary artery/vein, capillaries
PA/V-Pump blood to and from the lungs to become oxygenated
Cap-gas exchanges to re-oxygenate the blood
What are the four principle branches of the aorta?
The ascending aorta
Arch of the Aorta
Thoracic Descending Aorta
Abdominal Descending Aorta
What are the arteries that branch from the arch of the aorta?
Ascending Aorta
Brachiocephalic trunk
Left common carotid artery
Left Subclavian artery
Brachiocephalic trunk off the arch of the aorta branch into what?
Right common carotid artery
Right subclavian artery
The right common carotid artery of the brachiocephalic trunk has an internal and external carotid that do what?
To the Right Side of head and neck
Internal-supplies blood to the internal structures of the skull (eye, ear, brain)
External- External structures of the skull
The right subclavian artery off the brachiocephalic trunk supplies blood to what? It also branches off one major artery to the brain which is?
Right upper limb
Right vertebral artery
The left common carotid artery of the brachiocephalic trunk has an internal and external carotid that do what?
To the Left Side of head and neck:
Internal-supplies blood to the internal structures of the skull (eye, ear, brain)
External- External structures of the skull
The left subclavian artery supplies blood to what?
The left upper limb
Subclavian arteries branch further into what arteries that supply what?
Axillary-shoulder
Brachial-upper arm
Radial-Lateral portion of forearm, wrist and hand
Ulnar-Medial portion of forearm, wrist and hand
The thoracic aorta, a branch of the arch of the aorta, contain what arteries that supply blood where?
Bronchial-bronchi of the lungs
Esophageal-Esophagus
Posterior intercostal-intercostal and chest muscles
Superior phrenic-superior and posterior surfaces of diaphragm
The abdominal aorta, a branch of the arch of the aorta, contains what arteries?
Celiac trunk Superior mesenteric Suprarenal Renal Gonadal Inferior mesenteric Common iliac
The Celiac trunk has what branches that supply blood where?
Inferior phrenic-inferior surface of diaphragm
Common hepatic-liver, stomach, duodenum and pancreas
Left gastric-stomach and esophagus
Splenic-Spleen, pancreas and stomach
The superior mesenteric artery supplies what?
Small intestine, cecum, ascending and transverse colons, and pancreas
The suprarenal arteries supply blood to what?
Adrenal glands
The renal arteries supply blood to the?
Kidneys
The Gonadal arteries branch into the?
Testicular arteries
OR
Ovarian arteries
The inferior mesenteric artery supplies what structures?
large intestine, part of the rectum and descending colon
The external iliac arteries branch into what arteries?
Femoral Popliteal Anterior tibial Posterior tibial Medial and lateral plantar
The internal iliac arteries supply what?
The pelvis
Veins transfer blood back to the heart via pressure generated by what means?
Contractions of the heart
The skeletal muscle pump
The respiratory pump
Veins have these that arteries lack to prevent backflow, what are they?
venous valves (one-way)
Inhalation of the respiratory pump affects thoracic pressure and abdominal pressure how?
decrease thoracic pressure
increases abdominal pressure
The pressure in the right atrium is approximately what mm Hg?
0 mm Hg
What are the three systemic veins that empty into the heart?
Coronary sinus
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
The three main veins that drain blood from the head are?
Internal jugular
External jugular
Vertebral veins
Principle veins drain blood back to the heart are broken into two categories, what are they?
Superficial
Deep
Superficial veins and deep veins are easily distinguished how?
Deep veins will match the associated artery it travels with.
I.e. Radial vein and radial artery
The superficial principle veins of the upper body are?
Cephalic
Basilic
Median antecubital
The deep veins of the upper body are the?
Radial Ulnar Brachial Axillary Subclavian
The principle veins that drain the abdomen are via the?
Hepatic portal vein
The hepatic portal circulation is from what organs and is delivered to what?
GI tract and spleen
Liver
Blood returns from the liver after being processed and substances absorbed and returns to systemic circulation through what?
Hepatic vein
The superficial principle veins that drain the lower body are
Great saphenous veins
Small saphenous veins
The deep principle veins that drain blood from the lower body are
Posterior tibial
Anterior tibial
Popliteal
Femoral
Pulse is assessed by holding pressure for one minute on what common arteries?
Radial Carotid Brachial Popliteal Femoral Posterior tibialis Dorsalis Pedis
Pulse rate is generally around 75 bpm, what is bradycardia and tachycardia rates?
brady- below 60
tachy- above 100
Normal findings of the blood pressure are
Systolic- < 120
Diastolic- < 80
What occurs with aging of the heart?
Stiffening of the aorta
Loss of cardiac muscle strength causing reduced cardiac output and increased systolic pressure.
What diseases are we at risk of with loss of cardiac muscle strength?
Congestive heart failure (CHF)
Coronary artery disease (CAD)
Artherosclerosis
What is the recommending amount of regular exercise to improve cardiovascular health?
20 mins, 3-5 times a week
What are benefits of exercise?
Low resting HR 40-60 BP control Decrease anxiety and depression Controls weight Increases body's ability to dissolve clots by increasing fibrinolytic activity
