Stroke

Question 1

stroke

Answer 1

a neurological disorder that occurs when blood flow to
the brain is disrupted, causing neurological abnormalities

Question 2

stroke risk increases with

Answer 2

AGE

Question 3

ISCHEMIC

Answer 3

blood flow to the brain is blocked due to a blood clot in an artery

Question 4

THROMBOSIS

Answer 4

blockage occurs locally in the brain
● most common artery affected: middle cerebral artery

Question 5

EMBOLISM

Answer 5

blood clot travels from somewhere else in the body to
the brain
● usually traveled from the heart

Question 6

HEMORRHAGIC

Answer 6

blood vessel in or on the brain ruptures, causing bleeding
in or around the brain

Question 7

INTRACEREBRAL

Answer 7

bleeding occurs within the brain

Question 8

SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE

Answer 8

bleeding that occurs in the
subarachnoid space in the brain (meninges)

Question 9

CADASIL

Answer 9

thickening of walls in vessels, caused by mutations of the
NOTCH3 gene on chromosome 19

Question 10

CARASIL

Answer 10

affects the brain’s blood vessels, caused by mutations in the
HTRA1 gene, results in reduced blood flow

Question 11

risk factors

Answer 11

smoking

Question 12

thrombotic ISCHEMIC CASCADE

Answer 12

1.decrease blood flow to brain tissue = decrease O2 and glucose
(which travels via blood to neurons) →
2. this energy deficient → leads to a cascade of cellular events:
a. depletion of ATP, disruption of ion gradients, cellular
depolarization
3. as a result of events → excessive glutamate is released to
extracellular space → causing excitotoxicity and neuronal injury

Question 13

thrombotic ischemic inflammatory response

Answer 13

leukocytes and microglia become activated and release → TNF-alpha
and IL-1β → attracts other immune cells like neutrophils to the site of
injury and causes an inflammatory response:
a. increase vascular permeability: disrupts BBB and brain swelling

Question 14

thrombotic ischemic cellular damage

Answer 14

1. the affected brain tissue undergo NECROSIS and APOPTOSIS
   (decreased ATP, O2) → leading to formation of an INFARCT
   i. infarct: a region of tissue that has died due to lack of blood
   supply
   b. the size and location of infarct determine clinical manifestations

Question 15

embolic ischemic stroke

Answer 15

1. combination of genetic factor, health condition, or smoking → formation
   of embolism (blood clot) — NOT START IN BRAIN
2. embolism dislodged → travels via bloodstream eventually to a cerebral
   artery in brain → when embolism lodges in artery is occluded blood flow
   to downstream brain tissue → leading to ischemia