Pneumonia 9/25

Question 1

Pneumonia

Answer 1

infection affecting alveoli caused by pathogen

Question 2

alveoli

Answer 2

site of gas exchange

Question 3

process- what inhaled and to where

Answer 3

Oxygen in the inhaled air (high concentration) moves across the alveolar membrane into the blood within capillaries surrounding the alveoli (low oxygen concentration).

Question 4

what is simultaneously exhaled

Answer 4

carbon dioxide from the blood (high concentration) moves into the alveoli to be exhaled.

Question 6

Factors contributing to efficient alveolar gas exchange

Answer 6

large surface area, thin membrane, rich blood supply

Question 7

large surface area

Answer 7

the many tiny alveoli provide a large surface area for gas exchange to occur

Question 8

thin membrane

Answer 8

the wall of the alveoli is very thin, allowing for quick diffusion of gases

Question 9

rich blood supply

Answer 9

a dense network of capillaries surrounds the alveoli, ensuring efficient blood flow for gas exchange

Question 10

defense mechanisms

Answer 10

mucociliary clearance, alveolar macrophages, immune system

Question 11

mucociliary clearance

Answer 11

mucus traps pathogens and tiny hairs called cilia move the mucus out of the airways

Question 12

alveolar macrophages

Answer 12

immune cells that engulf and destroy pathogens in the lungs

Question 13

immune system

Answer 13

using neutrophils, T cells, and antibodies to fight off infections and keep the lungs healthy.

Question 14

Mechanism 1. Inhalation of pathogen

Answer 14

microorganisms can enter the alveoli, bypassing the body’s normal defense mechanisms

Question 15

Mechanism 2. alveolar inflammation

Answer 15

Once inside, they begin to multiply and trigger an inflammatory response in the lungs.

In this response, cytokines are released by the alveolar cells, which recruit immune cells such as neutrophils and macrophages to the site of infection

Question 16

Mechanism 3. Fluid accumulation

Answer 16

These immune cells work to destroy the pathogens, but in the process, they also cause damage to the lung tissue. This leads to the accumulation of fluid, proteins, and immune cells in the alveoli – a process called alveolar filling. As a result, gas exchange becomes compromised, leading to hypoxia, or low oxygen levels in the blood.

Question 17

Mechanism 4. Spread of infection

Answer 17

spread to adjacent alveoli or entire lobes of the lungs, a condition known as lobar pneumonia. Alternatively, the infection may affect multiple areas within the lungs, leading to bronchopneumonia.

Question 18

hypoxemia

Answer 18

low oxygen levels in blood

Question 19

ventilation-perfusion mismatch

Answer 19

even though blood is flowing to the lungs, the alveoli are filled with fluid and can’t exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide effectively

Question 20

shunting

Answer 20

blood bypasses these non-functioning alveoli entirely, which further reduces oxygen levels

Question 21

impaired mucociliary clearance

Answer 21

The excess mucus and fluid in the airways make it harder for the lungs to clear out pathogens and debris, further contributing to infection and inflammation.

Question 22

systemic inflammatory response

Answer 22

sepsis

Question 23

acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

Answer 23

lungs fail to provide enough oxygen to body