Strabismus II

Question 1

definition of

Amblyopia

Answer 1

is the unilateral or bilateral decrease of best corrected visual acuity

Question 2

when the amblyopia considered significant

Answer 2

if the different is 2 or more snellen lines

the different between 2 eyes

Question 3

what is

Crowding phenomenon

Answer 3

is better when the patient is presented with single letters rather than a line of letters

Question 4

classifications of Amblyopia

according to cause

Answer 4

1. Strabismic: due to Strabismus
2. Anisometropic: due to isometropia in one eye
3. Stimulus deprivation: due to opacity or ptosis
4. Bilateral ametropia: high smetrical refractive power
5. Meridional: image blur in one meridian

when it related to RI (METRO); opia means eye; (Meridional=خط طول)

Question 5

by the way

amblyopia mainly meas different, which type doesn’t

which type of amblyopia chractarized by two symmetrical eye

Answer 5

Bilateral ametropia

High symmetrical refractive power ; high hypermetropia
the others caractarized by (the difference between two eye in …)

Question 6

treatment of amblyopia

Answer 6

1. optical correction.
2. penalization (by atropine or oclusion)

Question 7

what is the meaning of Penalization

Answer 7

التغريم
close or drop atropine to the noraml eye

Question 8

types of squint

Answer 8

1. apparent squint
2. true squint:
   - heterophoria (latent) or heterotropia (manifist)
   - Comitant or Incomitant
   - Constant or alternating or Intermittent

Incomitant = gaze specific; The angle differs in various positions of gaze due to paralysis or
restriction

Question 9

causes of apparent squint

Answer 9

esotropia
* Epicanthal fold
* Short interpupillar distances
* Negative angle kappa

exotropia
* Large inter pupillary distance
* Positive angle kappa

Question 10

what is the meaning and types of heterophoria

Answer 10

latent squint (ocular alignment needs effort)
eso, exo, hyper, hypo -phoria

Question 11

treatment of heterophoria

Answer 11

1. correct any refractive errors.
2. orthoptic exercise
3. prism glass
4. surgery (strength the week or vice versa)

Question 12

types of esotropia

Answer 12

accomodative
1. refractive (fully/partial)
2. non-refractive (with conversion excess / accomodation weekness)
non-accomodative

Question 13

which one associated with high AC/A ratio

Answer 13

non refractive accomodative esotropia

Question 14

conversion is eliminated when he wear lens

Answer 14

complete refractive accomodative esotropia

Question 15

conversion appears when he looks very neer

Answer 15

non refractive accomodative esotropia

Question 16

give me type of non accomodative esotropia

Answer 16

essential infantile esotropia

Question 17

characters of

essential infantile esotropia

Answer 17

1. age < 6 months
2. stable angle (non accomodative)
3. cross fixation
4. surgery

Question 18

what is the key different between 6th nerve pulsy and essential infantile esotropia

Answer 18

cross fixation +ve in essential infantile esotropia

Question 19

what is the meaning of cross fixation

Answer 19

uses of RT eye for LT gaze and vice versa

Question 20

what is the meaning of DVD 💿 in ophthalmology

Answer 20

Dissociated Vertical Deviation

the eye drift (تحذف) when it covered

Question 21

types of exotrpia

Answer 21

1. constant (early)
2. intermittent
3. sensory (due to opacity)
4. consecutive (complicated)

Question 22

is intermittent exotropia = exophoria?

Answer 22

No

ليش … تبيلها بحث 😅

Question 23

about

Constant exotropia

[6 points]

Answer 23

1. Presentation at birth
2. Normal refraction
3. Large and constant angle
4. DVD+/-
5. Neurological anomalies are frequently present
6. Treatment surgery

Question 24

classifiction of Exotropia

Answer 24

according to distance
1. distance
2. near
3. non specific

Question 25

What is the recommended condition for conducting refraction to ensure accurate measurement of refractive errors?

Answer 25

Refraction should be performed under full cycloplegia.

Question 26

give me example of strong cycloplegic

Answer 26

* CYCLOPENTOLATE * atropine

Question 27

What is the recommended condition for conducting fundoscopy?

Answer 27

the pupil should be fully dilated, to exclude retinoplastoma or retinal scarring

Question 28

rough and acurate estimations of angle of squint

Answer 28

rough = **Hirschberg test** acurate = **Kremisky test**

Question 29

# about the Hirschberg test | mention 3 points and three angles

Answer 29

1. pupillary margin = 15 2. limpus = 45 3. sclera = 60

Question 30

# about the Hirschberg test | each 1 mm = ?

Answer 30

1mm = 7 degree = 2 prism diopter

Question 31

Direction of prism in Kremisky test

Answer 31

1. Esotropia base out 2. Exotropia base in 3. Hypertropia base down 5. Hypotropia base up

Question 32

Treatment modalities [4] | review

Answer 32

1. full correction of refractive error 2. Occlusion therapy 3. Orthoptic exercises 4. Squint surgery

Question 33

treatment goals

Answer 33

1. To improve visual acuity 2. To maintain binocular single 3. To achieve good cosmetic correction

Question 34

cover and uncover test | to detect what?

Answer 34

1. **cover** test for hetero**tropia** 2. **uncover** test for hetero**trophia**