STEEPLECHASE - CARDIOVASCULAR Flashcards
Orient the heart
Enlarged heart radiograph
Premature ventricular contractions (PVC)
Ventricular tachycardia
Ventricular fibrillation
Subendocardial haemorrhage - incidental sign of systemic haemorrhagic disease e.g. DIC, incidental in large animals agonally (at time of death)
Morphological pattern - mural.valvular endocardium and heart valves
Subendocardiium mineralisation - dystrophic (calcification of dead tissue)/metastatic (calcification of soft tissue)
Morphological pattern - mural, valvular endocardium and heart valves
Concentric hypertrophy - morphological patterns of heart disease - myocardium
Dilation - inc in chamber vol
Pale areas = fibrosis (healed infarct) or cell infiltration
Morphological patterns of heart disease - myocardium
Endocardial fibrosis - compensatory mechanism due to chronic dilation
Pericardium - too much fluid too quickly impairs cardiac filling (dec preload and dec cardiac output (cardiac tamponade)
Tachyarrhythmia = inc HR, inc freq
Heavy, wet, froth cut from surface - interlobular septa expanded by fluid seen in left-sided heart failure
Haemosiderin-laden macrophages in alveoli (heart failure cells) filled w/ haemosiderin, inc pressure in capillaries forcing erythrocytes out of vessels -> degraded, seen in left-sided heart failure
Perl’s stain used to stain iron = blue (left image)
Nutmeg liver - congestion + necrosis in central lobular regions, seen in right-sided heart failure
Peripheral oedema - gelatinous subcutaneous oedema, seen in right-sided heart failure
Right-sided heart failure - ruminants and horses = dependent subcutaneous oedema - plaques along ventral abdo (brisket in this case)
Right-sided heart failure - cats = hydrothorax
Right-sided heart failure - dogs = ascites
Malformation with L (systemic) to R (pulmonary) shunting - ventricular septal defect, large defect (2 cm in diameter) - clamp showing hole and where it is communicating to
Malformation with L (systemic) to R (pulmonary) shunting - patent ductus arteriosus
Malformation of semilunar or atrioventricular valves - aortic/subaortic stenosis (canine)
Aorta leaves RV, pulmonary artery leaves LV (reversed)
Haemocyst - incidental blood-filled cyst/nodules on valve leaflets, calf
Ectopia cordis
Persistent right aortic arch (PRAA)
Persistent right aortic arch (PRAA)
Pericardial disease - peritoneopericardial hernia
Peritoneopericardial hernia
Hydropericardium
Haemopericardium
Constrictive pericarditis
Pericardial disease - inflammatory
Pericardial disease - inflammatory
Lipofuscin / Xanthosis
Mineralisation of myocardium
Myocardial disease - necrosis
Normal myocardium
Focal myocardial necrosis
White muscle disease - myocardial disease, necrosis
Porcine stress syndrome - myocardial disease, necrosis
Necrotising myocarditis
Atrial fibrillation - seen with dilated cardiomyopathy
Ventricular premature contractions (VPC) - seen with dilated cardiomyopathy especially in Dobermans
Pallor (left), seen in cardiomyopathies of cats
Iliac thromboembolism
Woolly haircoat cardiomyopathy of cattle
Jet lesion
Endocardial disease - degenerative - diffuse subendocardial fibrosis, lamb - ventricular dilation (more white than should be)
Focal subendocardial fibrosis (degenerative endocardial disease)
Degenerative endocardial disease - subendocardial mineralisation, mineral (white) underneath endocardium, still feel smooth endocardial lining
Endocarditis
Consequence of endocarditis
Aortic valve endocarditis - acute renal infarcts - pale areas in cortex outlined by dark red = get haemorrhage at periphery of necrotic area
Right atrial haemangiosarcoma (canine), RA is darker + thicker compared to LA
Myocardial metastasis
Myocardial metastasis
Chicken - gangrene due to prolonged vasoconstriction
Arteriovenous fistula - hypertrophic muscle layer
Artherosclerosis
Arteriosclerosis - amorphous eosinophilic material in wall may be fibrinoid necrosis, amyloid
Uraemic arterial degeneration
Uraemic arterial degeneration
Mineralisation
Guttural pouch mycosis - leads to arterial rupture
Arterial rupture
Thromboembolism - cranial mesenteric artery in horses - verminous arteritis due to strongyles
DIC
Haemorrhagic cortical necrosis - septic endotoxaemic cows (DIC lesion)
Petechial to ecchymotic haemorrhage - used up all clotting factors, nothing left to keep blood in vessel + plug small holes (DIC lesion)
Peripheral cyanosis and/or gangrene, recovering septic calves, blocking vessels to peripheries (DIC lesion)
(DIC lesion)
Schistocyte - shearing of RBCs by fibrin stands - RBCs trying to get past - cut into little pieces (DIC lesion)
High altitude disease in cattle (Brisket disease) - hypertrophic arterial disease
Medial hypertrophy of pulmonary arteries in cats
Fibrinoid necrosis
Inflammation associated with Dirofilaria immitis in pulmonary arteries can cause right heart failure (vasculitis)
Diamond skin disease - endocarditis, haematogenous vasculitis
FIP = granulomatous lesions on intestinal serosa - have inflammatory reactions happening in vessels - type III hypersensitivity -> necrotising vasculitis
Purpura haemorrhagica - vasculitis
Cutaneous and renal glomerular vasculopathy (CRGV) / ‘Alabama rot’
Cutaneous and renal glomerular vasculopathy (CRGV) / ‘Alabama rot’
Nasal/ocular discharge - equine viral arteritis (EVA)
Splenomegaly (top) - gross appearance of African swine fever
LN haemorrhage - gross appearance of African swine fever
Renal petechiae (multifocal - element coalescing) - gross appearance of African swine fever
Colon haemorrhage, congestion, ulceration - gross appearance of African swine fever
Pulmonary oedema - trachea filled w/ foam - gross appearance of African swine fever
African swine fever histological appearance
Fibrinoid vascular degeneration - African swine fever histological appearance
Periportal hepatic necrosis (other than central lobular) - African swine fever histological appearance
Monocyte/macrophage lineage, endothelium, epithelial cells - cells affected by classical swine fever
Splenic infarcts - almost pathognomonic of classical swine fever
Button ulcers - raised in mucosa, seen in classical swine fever
Mononuclear vascular cuffs + endothelial swelling - histological appearance of classical swine fever
Hydropericardium - lesion of Heartwater (cowdriosis)
Amblyomma spp. tick - Ehrlichia ruminantium bacteria carrier of Heartwater disease (cowdriosis)
Dermacentor spp. tick - carrier of Rickettsia rickettsii of Rocky Mountain spotted fever
Varicocele in pampiniform plexus (venous disease due to dilation), very distended, dilated and tortuous
Venous disease
Thrombosis
Thrombosis due to repeated jugular venepuncture
Lymphoedema
Congenital hereditary lymphoedema - thickened legs
Normal SI, normal villi
Chylothorax
Sporadic lymphangitis in horse
Ulcerated lymphangitis - ulcerated dermal nodules/abscesses draining pus (horse)
Ulcerative lymphangitis - horse
Cow
Epizootic lymphangitis - Histoplasma capsulatum var farminosum (fungus)
Hamartoma - not as densely packed channels
Telangiectasis
Haemangioma
Lymphangioma - regular, smooth-walled lymphatic channels w/ light proteinaceous fluid within them
Haemangiosarcoma - circle = right atrium
Haemangiosarcoma
Vascular malignant neoplasia
Lymphangiosarcoma - on abdomen, red-black = deteriorating blood vessels in area
Intravascular lymphoma
Adult heartworm in dog heart (Dirofilaria immitis)
Microfilaria from canine blood of Dirofilaria immitis
Culex pipiens pipiens mosquito - vector of Dirofilaria immitis
Stegomyia (Aedes albopicta) - vector of Dirofilaria immitis
Microfilariae in blood (Dirofilaria immitis)
Schistosoma - blood fluke
Schistosoma japonicum
Schistosomes in tissues - leads to granuloma - around eggs, calcification and fibrosis
Schistosoma - granuloma
