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VMS2004 Pathology of the Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Musculoskeletal Systems > Cardiovascular Pathology I > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Pathology I Flashcards

1
Q

How do you examine the heart? (+ order of cuts made) (11)

A
  • Look at layers of heart - pericardium, myocardium, endocardium, and great vessels.
  • Identify the cranial surface (front/face-on) - ‘sheltie puppy trick’ using auricles / apex usually LHS but not always if swollen and out of proportion.
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2
Q

Examining the heart - differences between ventricles (5)

A
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3
Q

Heart responses to injury, overall facts - weight, rhythm

Definitions: preload, afterload, cardiomegaly, dysrhythmia

(8)

A
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4
Q

‘Heart box’ - how a lesion might affect heart function / have secondary effects on other heart structures.

A
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5
Q

What are the three morphologic patterns of heart disease? (3)

A
  • Mural/valvular endocardium and heart valves changes.
  • Changes to myocardium.
  • Changes to pericardium.
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6
Q

Morphological patterns of heart disease - mural/valvular endocardium and heart valves. (5)

A
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7
Q

Morphological patterns of heart disease - myocardium (9)

A
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8
Q

What are the morphologic patterns of the myocardium? (2)

A
  • Dilation - inc in chamber vol (fluid).
  • Hypertrophy - reversible inc in myocardial mass (minimal inc in. cells).
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9
Q

Morphologic patterns of the myocardium - dilation, what is it, types and consquences (6)

A
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10
Q

Morphologic patterns of the myocardium - hypertrophy - what is it due to, physiologic, pathologic (4)

A
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11
Q

What are the types of hypertrophy? (2)

A
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12
Q

Morphological patterns of heart disease - pericardium (2)

A
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13
Q

What are the pathophysiologic patterns of heart disease? (Not grossly seen) (6)

A
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14
Q

What is heart failure? (5)

A
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15
Q

How does the heart respond to decreased cardiac output? (Temporary beneficial mechanisms - intrinsic and systemic) (2)

A
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16
Q

How are the kidneys involved in trying to adapt to heart failure (regulate blood volume)? (4)

A
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17
Q

What are the three syndromes of circulatory failure? (3)

A

Two subtypes of congestive heart failure = left- and right-sided failure

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18
Q

Left-sided failure (3)

A
19
Q

Right-sided failure (4)

A
20
Q

Right-sided heart failure - species distribution of oedema/congestion (3)

A
21
Q

What are the congenital anomalies of the heart? (8)

A
22
Q

Species differences - congenital heart anomalies (5) (+ Breed-specific in dogs (9))

A
23
Q

What are the five classes of congenital heart defects? (5)

A
  • Malformation with L (systemic) to R (pulmonary) shunting.
  • Malformation of semilunar or atrioventricular valves.
  • Transposition complexes.
  • Miscellaneous anomalies - haemocyst, primary endocardial fibroelastosis, cor triatriatum, congenital absence of pericardium, variation in hear position, excess moderator bands
  • Vascular anomalies
24
Q

Malformation with L (systemic) to R (pulmonary) shunting - what should happen during foetal development? (3)

A
25
Q

Malformation with L (systemic) to R (pulmonary) shunting - atrial septal defect and atrioventricular septal defect. (7)

A
26
Q

Malformation with L (systemic) to R (pulmonary) shunting - ventricular septal defect and its associated changes (8)

A
27
Q

Malformation with L (systemic) to R (pulmonary) shunting - patent ductus arteriosus (9)

A
28
Q

Malformation of semilunar or atrioventricular valves - pulmonic stenosis (8)

A
29
Q

Malformation of semilunar or atrioventricular valves - tetralogy of Fallot (4)

A
30
Q

Malformation of semilunar or atrioventricular valves - aortic/subaortic stenosis (6)

A
31
Q

Malformation of semilunar or atrioventricular valves - right AV valve dysplasia and left AV valve insufficiency/stenosis (8)

A
32
Q

What are transposition complexes and what are the four types? (5)

A
33
Q

Miscellaneous heart anomalies - haemocyst and primary endocardial fibroelastosis (5)

A
34
Q

Miscellaneous heart anomalies - cor triatriatum, congenital absence of pericardium, variations in heart position, excess moderator bands (8)

A
35
Q

Vascular anomalies - persistent right aortic arch (PRAA), double aortic arch (4)

A
36
Q

Vascular anomalies to be aware of (3)

A
37
Q

What are the diseases of the conduction system? (6)

A
38
Q

What is pericardial disease? + Peritoneopericardial hernia (5)

A
39
Q

Pericardial disease - non-inflammatory - hydropericardium (7)

A
40
Q

Pericardial disease - non-inflammatory - haemopericardium, idiopathic haemorrhage, serous atrophy of fat (10)

A
41
Q

Pericardial disease - inflammatory - fibrinous pericarditis (4)

A
42
Q

Pericardial disease - inflammatory, fibrinous pericarditis, haematogenous microbial infection species differences (5)

A
43
Q

Pericardial disease - inflammatory - purulent pericarditis, constrictive pericarditis (8)

A

VMS2004 Pathology of the Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Musculoskeletal Systems (39 decks)

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