Cardiovascular Pathology I Flashcards
How do you examine the heart? (+ order of cuts made) (11)
- Look at layers of heart - pericardium, myocardium, endocardium, and great vessels.
- Identify the cranial surface (front/face-on) - ‘sheltie puppy trick’ using auricles / apex usually LHS but not always if swollen and out of proportion.
Examining the heart - differences between ventricles (5)
Heart responses to injury, overall facts - weight, rhythm
Definitions: preload, afterload, cardiomegaly, dysrhythmia
(8)
‘Heart box’ - how a lesion might affect heart function / have secondary effects on other heart structures.
What are the three morphologic patterns of heart disease? (3)
- Mural/valvular endocardium and heart valves changes.
- Changes to myocardium.
- Changes to pericardium.
Morphological patterns of heart disease - mural/valvular endocardium and heart valves. (5)
Morphological patterns of heart disease - myocardium (9)
What are the morphologic patterns of the myocardium? (2)
- Dilation - inc in chamber vol (fluid).
- Hypertrophy - reversible inc in myocardial mass (minimal inc in. cells).
Morphologic patterns of the myocardium - dilation, what is it, types and consquences (6)
Morphologic patterns of the myocardium - hypertrophy - what is it due to, physiologic, pathologic (4)
What are the types of hypertrophy? (2)
Morphological patterns of heart disease - pericardium (2)
What are the pathophysiologic patterns of heart disease? (Not grossly seen) (6)
What is heart failure? (5)
How does the heart respond to decreased cardiac output? (Temporary beneficial mechanisms - intrinsic and systemic) (2)
How are the kidneys involved in trying to adapt to heart failure (regulate blood volume)? (4)
What are the three syndromes of circulatory failure? (3)
Two subtypes of congestive heart failure = left- and right-sided failure
Left-sided failure (3)
Right-sided failure (4)
Right-sided heart failure - species distribution of oedema/congestion (3)
What are the congenital anomalies of the heart? (8)
Species differences - congenital heart anomalies (5) (+ Breed-specific in dogs (9))
What are the five classes of congenital heart defects? (5)
- Malformation with L (systemic) to R (pulmonary) shunting.
- Malformation of semilunar or atrioventricular valves.
- Transposition complexes.
- Miscellaneous anomalies - haemocyst, primary endocardial fibroelastosis, cor triatriatum, congenital absence of pericardium, variation in hear position, excess moderator bands
- Vascular anomalies
Malformation with L (systemic) to R (pulmonary) shunting - what should happen during foetal development? (3)
Malformation with L (systemic) to R (pulmonary) shunting - atrial septal defect and atrioventricular septal defect. (7)
Malformation with L (systemic) to R (pulmonary) shunting - ventricular septal defect and its associated changes (8)
Malformation with L (systemic) to R (pulmonary) shunting - patent ductus arteriosus (9)
Malformation of semilunar or atrioventricular valves - pulmonic stenosis (8)
Malformation of semilunar or atrioventricular valves - tetralogy of Fallot (4)
Malformation of semilunar or atrioventricular valves - aortic/subaortic stenosis (6)
Malformation of semilunar or atrioventricular valves - right AV valve dysplasia and left AV valve insufficiency/stenosis (8)
What are transposition complexes and what are the four types? (5)
Miscellaneous heart anomalies - haemocyst and primary endocardial fibroelastosis (5)
Miscellaneous heart anomalies - cor triatriatum, congenital absence of pericardium, variations in heart position, excess moderator bands (8)
Vascular anomalies - persistent right aortic arch (PRAA), double aortic arch (4)
Vascular anomalies to be aware of (3)
What are the diseases of the conduction system? (6)
What is pericardial disease? + Peritoneopericardial hernia (5)
Pericardial disease - non-inflammatory - hydropericardium (7)
Pericardial disease - non-inflammatory - haemopericardium, idiopathic haemorrhage, serous atrophy of fat (10)
Pericardial disease - inflammatory - fibrinous pericarditis (4)
Pericardial disease - inflammatory, fibrinous pericarditis, haematogenous microbial infection species differences (5)
Pericardial disease - inflammatory - purulent pericarditis, constrictive pericarditis (8)
