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VMS2004 Pathology of the Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Musculoskeletal Systems > Parasites of the Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Parasites of the Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Canine and feline nematodes

A

Heartworm - Dirofilaria immitis

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2
Q

Size and lifespan of adult heartworm - Dirofilaria immitis (3)

A
  • Females: ~25 cm long
  • Males: ~15 cm long
  • Live up to 7.5 years in dog
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3
Q

Microfilaria (3)

A

•Larval stage of Dirofilaria immitis - infectiuous stage, circulate canine blood
•~ 300 µm long
µm long
•Dogs can be patent for 5 years

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4
Q

Wolbachia endosymbiont (5)

A
  • Intracellular bacterium, found in many filarial worms
  • Mutualistic or symbiotic relationship
  • Harboured by all stages of Dirofilaria immitis
  • Required for fertility, survival & development of D. immitis
  • Role in pathogenesis unclear - offers potential therapeutic target of ABs
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5
Q

Life cycle of Dirofilaria immitis (8)

A
  • 1). Mosquito bites (vectorborne worm infection) infected dog and ignests larvae (L1).
  • 2). Within the mosquito - larvae mature from L1 into L3.
  • 3). Infected mosquito bites a healthy dog and transmits larvae (L3) to the dog’s subcutaneous tissues.
  • 4). Larvae mature from L3 into L4 and infest the muscles and blood vessels.
  • 5). Larvae mature into adult worms and infest the pulmonary artery and right heart.
  • 6). Adult worms ate and produce larvae (L1) that are released into the blood (microfilaria)
  • Dog = primary definitive host - maturation and reproduction
  • Mosquito = intermediate host - where development occurs + vector
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6
Q

Reservoirs of Dirofilaria immitis (2)

A
  • Wild canids - coyotes in USA
  • Red foxes in Europe
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7
Q

PPP (pre-patent period) of Dirofilaria immitis

A

Greater than or equal to 6 months, time dog is infected to seeing microfilaria in bloodstream

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8
Q

What are the intermediate hosts of Dirofilaria immitis? - Species (3)

A
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9
Q

Geographical distribution of Dirofilaria immitis

A
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10
Q

What are the drivers for the spread of Dirofilaria immitis? (4)

A
  • Global warming - climate change - warmer = inc in mosquito vectors (25-27 degrees Celcius), mosquitoes lay eggs in water bodies
  • Movement of pets - cats and dogs - bring infection to non-endemic areas
  • Biting behaviour of mosquitoes (exophilic to endophilic) - more likely to live indoors rather than outdoors
  • Urbanisation of vector - where higher dog density = inc in transmission
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11
Q

What does the pathogenesis of Dirofilaria immitis depend on? (7)

A
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12
Q

Pathogenesis of Dirofilaria immitis in pulmonary arteries (5)

A
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13
Q

Pathogensis of Dirofilaria immitis - long-term sequelae (2)

A
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14
Q

What is the pathogenesis of severe cases with Dirofilaria immitis? (2)

A
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15
Q

Clinical signs - dogs, lighter infections (2)

A
  • Asymptomatic
  • Sustained exercise
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16
Q

Clinical signs - heavier infections - dogs (3)

A
  • Loss of condition & exercise intolerance
  • Chronic cough, shortness of breath
  • Oedema & ascites
17
Q

What are the clinical signs of vena cava syndrome in dogs with Dirofilaria immitis? (4)

A
  • Haemoglobinuria
  • Jaundice
  • Collapse
  • May be fatal
18
Q

Dirofilaria immitis in cats - facts (5)

A
19
Q

What is HARD (heartworm associated respiratory disease)? - Cats (3)

A
20
Q

What is chronic feline heartworm disease? (3)

A
21
Q

How is Dirofilaria immitis diagnosed? (9)

A
22
Q

Prevention and control of Dirofilaria immitis (4)

A
23
Q

Vector control of Dirofilaria immitis (3)

A
24
Q

Is Dirofilaria immitis resistant to chemoprophylaxis? (6)

A
25
Q

Treatment of Dirofilaria immitis adultworms (5)

A
26
Q

Dirofilaria immitis infection in humans (4)

A
27
Q

Give some examples of other parasites of the cardiovascular system and where they are located. (4)

A
28
Q

What is schistosomiasis? (3)

A
29
Q

Ruminant species of schistosomes and their locations. (5)

A
30
Q

Life cycle of Schistosoma japonicum (12)

A
  1. Eggs in faeces of reservoir - water buffalo, cattle, rodents, dogs, sheep, pigs.
  2. Ovum
  3. Hatch out to miracidium stage
  4. Oncomelania snail (water snail) = intermediate host
  5. Shedding -> cercariae
  6. Cercariae penetrate skin - directly head-end allows digestion of skin and for them to pass through
  7. Become schistosomula
  8. Migration: veins -> heart -> lungs -> heart -> arteries -> liver -> hepatic portal vessels
  9. Pairing of mature worms
  10. Mesenteric vessels of bowel - egg produciton
  11. Egg laying
  12. Eggs retained in tissue cause disease
31
Q

Infection reservoirs of Schistosoma japonicum. (5)

A

Water buffalo, cattle, rodents, dogs, sheep, pigs

32
Q

Pathogenesis of Schistosoma spp. (6)

A
33
Q

Schistosoma granulomas (3)

A
34
Q

Where is schistosomiasis more serious?

A

In smaller ruminants

35
Q

Acute schistosomiasis (3) (sheep)

A
36
Q

Chronic schistosomiasis (sheep) (2)

A
37
Q

Points of control of schistosomiasis - intervening (7)

A
38
Q

Schistosoma blood flukes are important infections of…

A

Ruminants in Africa, Asia and South Europe

VMS2004 Pathology of the Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Musculoskeletal Systems (39 decks)

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