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VMS2004 Pathology of the Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Musculoskeletal Systems > Key Terminology & Definitions - Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Key Terminology & Definitions - Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

Preload

A

Changes in chamber volume loading during filling (IN)

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2
Q

Afterload

A

Changes in pressure during contraction (OUT)

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3
Q

Cardiomegaly

A

Overall increase in heart size

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4
Q

Dysrhythmia

A

Abnormal rhythm

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5
Q

Frank-Starling relationship

A

The stroke volume of the left ventricle will increase as the left ventricular volume increases due to the myocyte stretch causing a more forceful systolic contraction.- until heart gets overwhelmed

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6
Q

Concentric hypertrophy of myocardium

A

Thicker wall of myocardium, smaller lumen - inc mass without inc end-diastolic vol, inc afterload e.g. stenosis

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7
Q

Eccentric hypertrophy of myocardium

A

Dilation - inc mass and inc end-diastolic vol to accommodate more blood in chamber, wall normal to thin, large lumen

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8
Q

Tachycardia

A

Inc HR

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9
Q

Bradycardia

A

Dec HR

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10
Q

Acute heart failure

A

Intermittent weakness, syncope, dec CO, may present as sudden death with minimal or no lesions (diagnosis of exclusion - on differential list when can’t find cause)

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11
Q

RAAS

A

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system - leads to more sodium resorption, more H2O retained = inc blood vol

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12
Q

ANF

A

Atrial natriuetic factor - released when atria stretch, leads to vasodilation, suppression of RAAS

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13
Q

Cardiac syncope

A

Changes in HR and pressure leading to inadequate output

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14
Q

Peripheral circulatory failure

A

Inadequate peripheral vascular perfusion -> reduced effective blood vol (can cause acute heart failure or result from heart failure)

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15
Q

Congestive heart failure

A

Vascular congestion and oedema in interstitium and body cavities - left and right-sided failure

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16
Q

Left-sided failure

A

Left atrial dilation, pulmonary congestion/oedema, dyspnoea, cough - haemosiderin-laden macrophages

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17
Q

Right-sided failure

A

Inc right atria pressure and systemic venous congestion e.g. hepatic/splenic enlargement, ascites, peripheral oedema, renal insufficiency

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18
Q

Cor pulmonale

A

Right-sided failure due to pulmonary disease e.g. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary thromboembolism - due to any primary condition that affects lungs

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19
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot

A

Combination of four congenital heart defects - ventricular septal defect (VSD), pulmonary stenosis, a misplaced aorta (overriding aorta) and a thickened right ventricular wall (right ventricular hypertrophy)

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20
Q

Transposition complexes

A

When position of the aorta and pulmonary artery is altered or flipped - aorta receives blood from RV, one or both vessels are often hypoplastic

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21
Q

Cor triatriatum

A

Membrane that separates the atrium into two compartments - left or right, impedes pulmonary drainage on the left and systemic drainage on the right (+ movement of blood), rare in cats and dogs

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22
Q

Ectopia cordis

A

Heart outside of chest

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23
Q

Peritoneopericardial hernia

A

Connection between abdominal cavity and pericardium due to congenital cleft in diaphragm, may have liver, GI in pericardial sac

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24
Q

Dextrocardia

A

Apex points right instead of left, may be part of situs inversus, rare in dogs

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25
Q

Situs inversus

A

Organs are mirror image, oriented abnormally

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26
Q

Pericarditis

A

Inflammation of pericardium

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27
Q

Serous atrophy of fat

A

Lipid replaced by proteinaceous fluid

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28
Q

Fibrinous pericarditis

A

Usually haematogenous microbial infection, firbin forms villus projections

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29
Q

Purulent pericarditis

A

Presence of pyogenic bacteria

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30
Q

Constrictive pericarditis

A

Obliteration of pericardial cavity

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31
Q

Persistent right aortic arch (PRAA)

A

Right fourth aortic arch persists instead of the left

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32
Q

Aorticopulmonary septal defect

A

Incomplete division of the truncous arteriosus, rare in dogs

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33
Q

Coarctation of aorta

A

Narrowing of aorta adjacent to ductus arteriosus, leads to heart failure due to pressure overload, rare in dogs

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34
Q

Congenital aneurysm of aorta or pulmonary artery

A

Localised swelling in artery wall

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35
Q

AV nodal/common bundle degeneration

A

Syndrome of sudden death, deizures, or viciousness, degeneration and fibrosis of common bundle

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36
Q

Hereditary sudden death syndrome

A

Young German shepherds - ventricular tachycardia, not enough sympathetic nerves in myocardium

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37
Q

Common bundle stenosis

A

Hereditary in pugs, syncope and sudden death, abnormal acetylcholine sensitivity

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38
Q

Persistent atrial standstill

A

Atrophic and fibrotic right atrium, grossly atrium is dilated, may also see skeletal muscle atrophy

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39
Q

Sick sinus syndrome

A

Prolonged sinus pauses lead to syncope, familial in miniature schnauzer, also seen in westies and dachshunds

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40
Q

Equine grass sickness

A

Neurodegeneration leads to tachycardia + gut problems

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41
Q

Nodules of Arantius

A

Small smooth nodules in centre of semilunar valve leaflets = normal structure, not a lesion

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42
Q

-Osis

A

Degenerative

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43
Q

Jet lesion

A

Focal endocardial fibrosis

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44
Q

Rhabdomyoma

A

Non-encapsulated hamartoma of cardiac myocytes, most common in pigs (red wattle pigs), grey nodules that may project into lumen and become necrotic, may resemble Purkinje cells histologically (neoplasia)

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45
Q

Harmatoma

A

Benign tumour

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46
Q

Myxoma

A

May arise from endocardium of any chamber, soft, multilobular, gelatinous mass with few cells on histology, rare in animals (neoplasia)

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47
Q

Chondrosarcoma

A

Neoplasia - rarely arises from cardiac skeleton

48
Q

Neurofibroma

A

Multiple benign tumours of Schwann cell origin on peripheral nerves, mostly seen in cattle, occurs in myocardium

49
Q

Polycythemia

A

Inc in conc of RBCs

50
Q

Cardiomyopathy

A

Idiopathic - name is secondary to problem

51
Q

Turbulence

A

The return to equilibrium of heart rate after a premature ventricular contraction. It consists of a brief speed-up in heart rate, followed by a slow decrease back to the baseline rate.

52
Q

Bradyarrhythmia

A

Heart block - can be caused by conducting fibre lesions which affect impulse conduction

53
Q

Eisenmenger complex

A

Reversal of blood flow in a ventricular septal defect due to pulmonary hypertension

54
Q

Ductus arteriosus

A

Vessel that connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta. When exposed to oxygen after birth the cells will contract and close with hours - expect in foals takes up to 5 days.

55
Q

Fibrinoid vascular necrosis

A

Degeneration of smooth muscle (resembles fibrin, but is actually mix of fibrin, complement, platelets, immunoglobulins), often indicates a problem with nutrient diffusion from vascular lumen (inflammation)

56
Q

Fistula

A

Abnormal communication

57
Q

Arteriovenous fistula

A

Congenital aertieal disease - communication between artery (high BP) and vein (low BP), bypassing capillaries - affected veins become thick-walled due to inc pressre

58
Q

Arterialisation

A

When veins become thick-walled due to increased pressure

59
Q

-Sclerosis

A

Hardening

60
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

Slow, chronic hardening, loss of elasticity, luminal narrowing, proliferation and degeneration (no inflammation)

61
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

When hyperlipidaemia causes endothelial injury, lipid incorporated into plaques extracellularly/intercellularly = lipid-laden

62
Q

Arteriolosclerosis

A

Heterogenous (mix) lesions, hyaline or hyperplastic

63
Q

Systemic hypertension

A

Persistently elevated systemic blood pressure secondary more common than primary

64
Q

Dystrophic mineralisation/calcification

A

Affects dead or dying tissue

65
Q

Metastatic mineralisation/calcification

A

Due to hypercalcaemia or hyperphosphataemia, often will see mineralisation of vessels and other soft tissues

66
Q

Aneurysm

A

Focal abnormal dilation of any vessel - more serious if artery due to high pressure - whole thickness of blood vessel

67
Q

Dissecting aneurysm

A

Blood enters wall of vessel via intimal tear then dissects between layers of tunica media, creating a cavity in the wall can fatally rupture or cause stenosis (horses, young male racing greyhounds) (leaky blood vessels)

68
Q

True aneurysm

A

Involves all or most layers of the vessel wall (out-pouching)

69
Q

False aneurysm

A

Result from a ruptured artery + bleeds into connective tissue around artery

70
Q

Thrombi

A

Abnormal coagulation at site of damage associated with problem in vessel at the site, attached (blood clot not attached), can occlude, part of healing process

71
Q

Embolus

A

Piece of broken off thrombus - can be bacteria, gas

72
Q

Aortoiliac thrombosis

A

Saddle thrombi in horses - exercise intolerance and hind lameness

73
Q

DIC

A

Disseminated intravascular coagulation - abnormal clotting of blood throughout the body’s vessels (generalised intravascular thrombosis)

74
Q

Vasculitis

A

Inflammatory cells (WBCs) within and around the wall of a vessel with damage to the wall (fibrin, collagen degeneration, necrosis), infectious or non-infectious

75
Q

Perivascular inflammation

A

Normal vessel w/ inflammatory cells around it

76
Q

Idiopathic canine polyarteritis

A

Most common in beagles - necrotising arteritis of spinal arteries, suspected immune-mediated, leads to infarction and muscle atrophy, may progress to amyloidosis

77
Q

Systemic necrotising vasculitis

A

= Polyarteritis nodosa - heterogenous arterides, sporadic in all species, only affects small and medium-sized arteries - renal, coronary, gastrointestinal.
Acute lesions look like type III hypersensitivity, chronic lesions progress to fibrosis

78
Q

Cutaneous and renal glomerular vasculopathy (CRFV)

A

= Alabama rot - idiopathic vasculopathy initially described in racing greyhounds in the south US

79
Q

Saccular aneurysm

A

True aneurysm - form blood clot

80
Q

Fusiform aneurysm

A

True aneurysm - bulges or balloons out on all sides of the blood vessel

81
Q

Clot

A

Blood, not attached, no structure, coagulation

82
Q

Thrombosis

A

Process to make thrombus - has a structure

83
Q

Cutaneous and renal glomerular vasculopathy (CRGV)

A

= Alabama rot - idiopathic vasculopathy, deep, slow-healing cutaneous ulcers due to arteritis and also glomerular necrosis, Shiga toxin from E.coli implicated in pathogenesis

84
Q

Venereal spread

A

Sexual

85
Q

Panvasculitis

A

Any endothelial-lined structure damage (vasculitis)

86
Q

African horse sickness

A

Midge vector, closely related to BTV (vasculitis)

87
Q

African swine fever

A

Enveloped DNA virus, resistant to degradation (vasculitis)

88
Q

Classical swine fever

A

Flavivirus, enveloped RNA virus (vasculitis)

89
Q

Heartwater (cowdriosis)

A

Ehrlichia ruminantium, tick-borne (Amblyomma spp.), rickettsia bacteria (gram -ive) (vasculitis)

90
Q

Varicocity

A

Dilated vein that primarily occurs in the lower limbs particularly in the legs

91
Q

Varicocele

A

Enlargement (dilation) of the veins that transport oxygen-depleted blood away from the testicle (in pampiniform plexus)

92
Q

Phaeochromocytoma

A

Neuroendocrine tumour that start in the inner part of the adrenal gland (the medulla)

93
Q

Phlebothrombosis

A

No inflammation but can lead to inflammation

94
Q

Thrombophlebitis

A

Inflammation within vein - always causes thrombosis

95
Q

Lymphoedema

A

Swelling of body part due to excessive lymph, secondary to lymphatic disorder, if prolonged, leads to fibrosis

96
Q

Primary lymphoedema

A

Congenital (anomalous development), may be hereditary

97
Q

Secondary lymphoedema

A

Obstruction of normal lymphatics (inflammation, neoplasia, trauma, surgical)

98
Q

Lymphocoele

A

Lymph-filled space with no epithelial lining - likely due to traumatic disruption of lymphatic

99
Q

Lymphangiectasis

A

Dilation, usually due to obstruction and leads to accumulation of excess interstitial fluid

100
Q

Intestinal lymphangiectasis

A

Most common cause of protein losing enteropathy in dogs, also seen in Jone’s disease and other enteritides

101
Q

Chylothorax

A

Leakage or rupture of the thoracic duct - uncommon in dogs and cats, trauma usually implicated, milk fluid w/ lipid droplets

102
Q

Lymphangitis

A

Inflammation of the lymphatic system caused by an infection

103
Q

Epizootic lymphangitis

A

Caused by Histoplasma capsulatum var farciminosum (fungus)

104
Q

Angioma

A

Benign tumour of endothelium (well-organised channels, can be hard to tell apart from malformations or proliferation e.g. granulation tissue)

105
Q

Angiosarcoma

A

Malignant tumour of endothelium (more haphazard and cellular)

106
Q

Hamartoma

A

Vascular neoplasia - too much normal tissue, usually present at birth (congenital), sometimes used to refer to haemangiomas

107
Q

Telangiectasis

A

Vascular neoplasia - congenital or acquired foci of dilated vessels

108
Q

Haemangioma

A

Most common benign neoplasm of older dogs (white ones from sunny regions), red-black masses that ooze blood when cut, excision is curative

109
Q

Lymphangioma

A

Rare benign tumour of lymphatics, congenital or spontaneous in adults, can be hard to remove surgically

110
Q

Glomus tumour

A

Rare, benign neoplasm of thermal receptors, usually on digits

111
Q

Haemangiosarcoma

A

Most common malignant neoplasm / primary cardiac tumour in older dogs - German Shepherds

112
Q

Lymphangiosarcoma

A

Very rare, histologically similar to haemangiosarcoma but few erythrocytes, very invasive and widespread

113
Q

Intravascular lymphoma

A

Rare, large cell lymphoma in dogs, cats, humans, neoplastic cells proliferate inside blood vessels

114
Q

Patent

A

Present in blood, infectious stage

115
Q

Endosymbiont

A

Bacteria found within cells

116
Q

Haemorrhage

A

Erythrocytes outside vessels

117
Q

Congestion

A

Erythrocytes inside vessels

VMS2004 Pathology of the Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Musculoskeletal Systems (39 decks)

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