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VMS2004 Pathology of the Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Musculoskeletal Systems > Key Terminology & Definitions - Musculoskeletal > Flashcards

Key Terminology & Definitions - Musculoskeletal Flashcards

1
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Head, vertebrae, ribs and sternum

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2
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Thoracic and pelvic limbs

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3
Q

Achondroplasia

A

Absence of cartilage development

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4
Q

Chondrodysplasia

A

Disorder of cartilage development

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5
Q

Skeletal dysplasia

A

Disorder of skeletal development - no further specification of structure or location

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6
Q

Brachycephalic

A

Shortening of head

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7
Q

Brachygnatia

A

Shortening of jaw

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8
Q

Palatoschisis

A

Cleft palate - partial/complete

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9
Q

Prognathia

A

Abnormal projection of jaw (mandible)

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10
Q

Pectus excavatum

A

Concavity of the sternum - reduced thorax w/ reduced dimensions

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11
Q

Kyphosis

A

Abnormal dorsal curvature of spinal column

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12
Q

Lordosis

A

Abnormal ventral curvature of spinal column

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13
Q

Scoliosis

A

Lateral deviation of spinal column

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14
Q

Block vertebrae

A

Failure of two vertebral bodies to separate

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15
Q

Butterfly/hemivertebrae

A

Failure of two halves of vertebral body to fuse

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16
Q

Spina bifida

A

Failure of dorsal midline closure (bone often involved) - failure of fusion of neural arches, some degree of exposure of underlying spinal cord

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17
Q

Amelia

A

Absence of one of more limbs

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18
Q

Hemimelia

A

Absence of the distal part of the limb

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19
Q

Micromelia

A

Presence of abnormally of small limbs

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20
Q

Notomelia

A

Accessory limb attached to the back

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21
Q

Peromelia

A

Congenital deformity of the limbs

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22
Q

Phocomelia

A

Absence of proximal portion of one or more limbs

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23
Q

Adactyly

A

Absence of a digit

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24
Q

Dactylomegaly

A

Abnormally large digits

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25
Q

Ectrodactyly

A

Partial or complete absence of a digit

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26
Q

Polymelia

A

Presence of multiple limbs

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27
Q

Polydactyly

A

Presence of supernumerary digits

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28
Q

Polypodia

A

Presence of supernumerary feet

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29
Q

Syndactyly

A

Fusion of digits

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30
Q

Hyperphalangia (Hyperphalangy)

A

Inc in no. phalanxes (normal trait of dolphins, flipper)

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31
Q

Osteogenesis imperfecta

A

Genetic defect in type 1 collagen (mutation in COL1A1 and COL1A2 genes) formation characterised by osteopenia and excessive bone fragility
Histo - no primary lesions on growth plate as collagen II not affected, trabecular bone - reduced, no fibrous tissue proliferation, osteoblasts normal or small, evidence of FXs (including in utero with calluses present at birth), cortical bone - delayed compaction, cortices may be formed of woven bone -> osteopenia

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32
Q

Osteopetrosis

A

Persistence of primary and/or secondary spongiosa caused by a defect in osteoclastic resorption/in utero, BVD/FeLV infection, avian leucosis virus -> pathological FXs, trabecular bone in epiphyses, metaphyses and diaphysis, dec in cortical bone quality and quantity (failure of remodelling), affected animals often stillborn
Histo - GP = no primary lesions, T bone - numerous dysfunctional osteoclasts, cones of primary trabeculae (calcified cartilage) extend into medullary cavity, C bone - too thin to inadequately compacted

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33
Q

Skeletal dysplasia

A

Disordered skeletal development

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34
Q

Congenital cortical hyperostosis

A

Disorder of bone modelling, one or multiple limbs - abnormal radial periosteal bone formation (long bones) (front more prone - radius + ulna), autosomal recessive in newborn pigs
Histo: GP not involved, T bone - not involved, Cortical bone - superiosteal cortex normal, trabeculae of woven bone oriented perpendicular to long axis of the cortex radiate outwards from its periphery, from the cambium (osteogenic) layer of the periosteum

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35
Q

Craniomandibular oesteopathy

A

‘Lion jaw’ - disorder of bone modelling, Westies - autosomal recessive, bilaterally symmetrical lesions, diffuse, irregular thickening of the mandibles, occipital and temporal bones (occasionally nasal, maxillary and appendicular bones), tympanic bullae often severely affected
Histo: GP not involved, T bone - medullary cavities become osteosclerotic (proliferation of endosteal woven bone, modelling and remodelling), C bone - thickened by proliferation of periosteal woven bone, rapid, disorganised modelling and remodelling, regions of lamellar bone next to woven bone

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36
Q

Campylognathia

A

Harelip

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37
Q

Chondrodysplasias

A

Disorders of endochondral ossification (bone growth) due to primary lesions in growth cartilage, affects growth plate and articular epiphyseal cartilage complex -> disproportionate dwarfism (short-legged, normal-sized head as from intramembranous ossification)
Histo: GP width normal or reduced, chondrocytes arranged in columns or disorganised, matrix normal or rarefied, T bone - thickened or irregular, lateral bridging between trabeculae, retained cartilage cores, C bone - normal histo, grossly variable in shape or size of bones (Spider lamb syndrome)

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38
Q

FGFR

A

Fibroblast growth factor receptor

Mutations in: FGFR3 = spider lamb chondroplasia, FGFR4 = dachshund, Pekingese, basset hounds

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39
Q

AECC

A

Articular epiphyseal cartilage complex

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40
Q

Osteochondrosis

A

Developmental disease of joints - disorder of endochondral ossification, involving growth cartilage in young animals, focal or multifocal failure or delay of endochondral ossification at growth plate/physis of AECC, focal retention of growth cartilage because of failure to become calcified and replaced by bone, in AECC becomes an area of necrosis of epiphyseal cartilage, trauma most common cause
Histo: focal or multifocal failure of endochondral ossification, T bone - in laterns, normal; manifesta + dissescans - contact with subchondral bone, proliferation of woven bone and fibrotic change, C bone not involved in most cases

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41
Q

Osteochondrosis latens

A

Lesion confined to epiphyseal - well-demarcated area of necrosis of cartilage, only visible microscopically (no clinical signs)

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42
Q

Osteochondrosis manifesta

A

Lesion accompanied by delay in endochondral ossification - visible grossly and radiographically, larger lesions than latens

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43
Q

Osteochondrosis dissecans

A

If traumatic clefting through the area of necrosis occurs, fragments of cartilage can break off (forming ‘joint mice’), may resolve without clefting, most severe lesion

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44
Q

Facet

A

Flat bone surface

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45
Q

Cervical vertebral myelopathy

A

‘Wobbler syndrome’ - disorder of endochondral ossification, neurological disease secondary to compression of spinal cord by abnormally developed cervical vertebrae or junctions between them, osteochondrosis can cause abnormal and asymmetrical development of the articular facets or abnormally large cranial vertebral epiphysis - horses, large dog breeds, Komodo dragons

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46
Q

Static vertebral myelopathy

A

Constant compression due to anatomic stenosis of spinal canal (no movement) = cervical vertebral static stenosis (CVS), C5-C6/C6-7 in older horses, dogs affected
Histo: GP - +/- oesteochondrosis, T bone normal, C bone - histologically normal but overall bone shape wrong

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47
Q

Dynamic vertebral myelopathy

A

Compression only during movement (flexion most prominent) = cervical vertebral instability, C3-4/C4-C5 in younger horses

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48
Q

Osteoporosis

A

(Metabolic disease) Reduced bone mass, porous, thin and fragile bones due to protein calorie malnutrition, immobilisation, dietary calcium, vit C or copper deficiency, oestrogen/androgen deficiency (menopause), advanced age
Histo: GP - not affected (unless due to pituitary dysfunction or calorie restriction during growth, then small physes), T bone - thinner, loss of trabecular continuity (weaker), form transverse reinforcement bars in metaphysis, C bone - thin (osteopenia) due to osteoclastic resorption on endosteal surface, may resemble T bone w/ chronicity

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49
Q

Infraction

A

Incomplete fragmented fractions without displacement/collapse/fracture of trabeculae but no bone deformation

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50
Q

Rachitic rosary

A

Prominent nodular thickening of costochondral junctions

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51
Q

Rickets and osteomalacia

A

(Metabolic disease) Failure of bone mineralisation with subsequent deformities and fractures in growing skeleton (rickets)/adult (osteomalacia), soft bones, accumulation of osteoid (not mineralised), thickened hypertrophic zone of growth plate (failure of endochondral ossification), rachitic rosary, due to vit D deficiency, phosphorus deficiency
Histo: GP - diffusely, irregularly thickened, failure of endochondral ossification, T bone - appear flared due to failure of removal of cartilage and bone, C bone - can appear normal or softened, deformed by weight bearing

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52
Q

Fibrous osteodystrophy

A

Decreased bone mass, increased pliability due to replacement by fibro-osseous tissue, ‘rubber jaw’, due to hyperparathyroidism - 1^y = functional chief cell adenoma, 2^y - nutritional low Ca^2+, high PO4^3-, renal failure - kidney fails to secrete PO4^3-, paraneoplastic - PTH related peptide released from tumours
Histo: GP - not involved, T bone - replaced by irregular spicules of woven bone separated by fibrous connective tissue, C bone - resoprtion and replacement by fibrous tissue, can become exuberant

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53
Q

Exostosis

A

Nodular, benign, bony growth projecting from a bone’s articular surface

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54
Q

Enostosis

A

Bony growth within the medullary cavity, usually from the endosteal surface

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55
Q

Osteophyte

A

Nodular, benign bony growth at the margins of a diathrodial joint

56
Q

Enthesophyte

A

Ossification of a tendon or ligament (forming bony projections) at the point of insertion in the bone (nodular)

57
Q

Hyperostosis

A

Diameter of the bone has increased (uniformly rather than nodular)

58
Q

Hypertrophic osteopathy

A

Hypertrophic pulmonary osteopathy (proliferation of connective tissue and periosteum) - progressive, often bilateral, periosteal new bone formation in diaphysis and metaphysis, especially affects distal limbs, may progress up the leg, more common in forelimbs, long bones, occurs as a secondary reaction to space-occupying lesion in thorax

59
Q

Osteochondromas

A

Multiple cartilaginous exostoses - defect in skeletal development, project from bony surfaces as eccentric masses adjacent to physes, outercap of hyaline cartilage, undergo orderly endochondral ossification to give rise to trabecular bone at the base of lesion

60
Q

Bony cysts

A

Appear radiographically as well-demarcated, lucent areas without aggressive growth (resembles a bubble/hole)

61
Q

Subchondral cyst

A

Sequelae to osteochondrosis and degenerative joint disease

62
Q

Simple cyst

A

Contain clear, colourless, serum-like or serosanguinous fluid, wall of fibrous or woven to lamellar bone, unknown cause

63
Q

Aneurysmal cyst

A

Filled with blood or serosanguinous fluid, not lined by endothelium, cause unknown

64
Q

Compound fracture

A

At least one of the fracture fragments is visible externally, perforates muscle fascia, subcutaneous + skin depending on location

65
Q

Transverse fracture

A

Perpendicular to long axis of bone

66
Q

Linear fracture

A

Parallel to long axis

67
Q

Oblique non-displaced fracture

A

Tangential (along diagonal) axis - remain relatively aligned

68
Q

Oblique displaced fracture

A

Diagonal complete displacement (bones completely separated)

69
Q

Spiral fracture

A

3D - twisting motion

70
Q

Greenstick fracture

A

Cortical bone, minimal involvement of underlying trabecular bone

71
Q

Comminuted fracture

A

Involves 3+ diff fractures, very severe forces shatter fracture fragments

72
Q

Haematoma

A

Bleeding from damaged vessels - many erythrocytes and inflammatory cells (neutrophils)

73
Q

Rigid fracture repair

A

Surgical intervention, application of devices - fractured ends nearly touching each other -> direct osteonal bridging of the fracture site, osetoclasts form channels for new osteons will cross the fracture line and the new osteons will unite the bone without formation of callus

74
Q

Small gap rigid fracture repair

A

< 1 mm - bone cells will migrate from the fracture ends and from the lamellar bone at a right angle to the fracture line -> osteonal bone parallel to the long axis of the bone

75
Q

Larger gap rigid fracture repair

A

> 1 mm - woven bone fills the gap and must be modelled into osteonal bone

76
Q

Pseudoarthrosis

A

False joint - non-functional area of conflict for locomotion

77
Q

Epiphysiolysis

A

Separation of epiphysis from the metaphysis (“slipped epiphysis”), forms a horizontal fissure through normal or abnormal physis (SH Type I), dogs - anconeal process of ulna (ununited anconeal process), cats - physeal dysplasia w/ slipped capital femoral physis, livestock - femoral head + ischial tuberosity (muscle insertion site), normal physes FXs can occur in areas of shear force during weight-bearing, can also be caused by trauma, infection/inflammation of growth plate
Histo: GP - horizontal FX w/ complete or partial separation from metaphysics (hypertrophic zone more susceptible), T-bone - reaction to trauma (myelofibrosis, proliferation of reactive woven bone, variable amounts of haemorrhage + fibrin), C-bone - no primary lesions, secondary changes due to altered mechanical use

78
Q

Valgus deformity

A

Deviation of the limb laterally, damage occurred on the lateral aspect of the physis

79
Q

Varus deformity

A

Deviation of the limb medially, damage occurred on the medial aspect of the physis

80
Q

Osteitis

A

Non-specific inflammation of bone

81
Q

Periostitis

A

Inflammation of the bone and periosteum

82
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

Involvement of the medullary cavity and bone marrow

83
Q

Diskospondylitis

A

Inflammation of the intervertebral disc and osteomyelitis of the vertebrae

84
Q

Splendore-Hoeppli phenomenon

A

Intense focal eosinophilic material admixed with bacteria and neutrophils on histo - suggestive of inflammatory disease

85
Q

Metaphyseal osteopathy

A

Hypertrophic osteodystrophy - disease of young, growing, large breed dogs, severe pain localised to metaphyses of long bones, distal radius and ulna mostly affected, initial lesion suppurative and fibrinous osteomyelitis of trabecular bone, infractions, chronic lesion has exacerbations over weeks-months, most resolved with pain management

86
Q

Panosteitis

A

Disease of growing large breed dogs, shifting lameness (due to pressure on nerves by proliferating tissue) and limb pain - increased density of medullary cavity in diaphysis, usually near nutrient foramen, can also be in periosteum, proliferation of well-differentiated woven bone and fibrous tissue, NO INFLAMMATION, resolves spontaneously if pain managed

87
Q

Aseptic necrosis

A

Caused by intramedullary neoplasms (especially lymphoma), lesions causing dec venous outflow from bone and inc BM pressure, ischaemia leads to infarction (bone necrosis), young small and miniature dog breeds, aseptic necrosis of femoral head associated with collapse of articular cartilage clinical signs

88
Q

Cachexia

A

Insufficient dietary energy/improper processing

89
Q

Whorled and ring fibres

A

Morphological muscle cell change - whorls/rings of cytoplasm with internally located nuclei (change of direction of sarcomere) = chronic myopathic change

90
Q

Chronic myopathic change

A

Excessive fibre size (diameter) variation, internal nuclei, fibrosis, fat infiltration, accompanies a variety of myopathic and neuropathic changes

91
Q

Global necrosis

A

E.g. Affecting entire muscle fibre

92
Q

Segmental necrosis

A 
Segmental hypercontraction (large dark fibres), fibres become homogenous and eosinophilic (due to hyaline degeneration), loss of striation and their nuclei
Sarcoplasm begins to fragment, fragmented sarcoplasm may mineralise, circulating monocytes infiltrate and mature to macrophages, these cross the cell mem and clear debris (other inflammatory cells may also be recruited), satellite cells are activated to become myoblasts and start the regenerative process
93
Q

Muscular dystrophy

A

Dogs (Golden Retriever, Rottweiler, sporadic in others, X-linked defect in dystrophin gene allows gaps in sarcoplasm (Ca^2+ enters) -> repeated necrosis and regeneration -> progressive cardiomyopathy + skeletal muscle wasting

94
Q

Myotonia (channelopathies)

A

Inability of skeletal muscle to relax resulting in spasmodic contraction; most related to heritable defects causing abnormal ion channel func e.g. hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis in quarter horses (Na^+ channel defect), fainting goats (Cl^- channel defect)

95
Q

Metabolic myopathies

A

Inherited disorders of muscle metabolism, seven types of glycogen storage diseases in animals

96
Q

Malignant hyperthermia

A

Defective ryanodine receptor characterised by unregulated release of Ca^2+ from sarcoplasmic reticulum -> excessive myofibre contraction generates heat -> hyperthermia (then proteins coagulate).
Humans, pigs (porcine stress syndrome), horses, dogs, fatal, produces pale, soft ‘parboiled’ looking muscle, triggered by anaesthesia halothane, stress

97
Q

Polysaccharide storage myopathy

A

Carbohydrate metabolic defect, horses - especially draft and quarter horse-related breeds, glycogen synthase 1 (GYS1) gene affected

98
Q

X-linked muscular dystrophy

A

Muscular dystrophy - various dog breeds, DSH cats, dystrophin gene affected (cohesive protein located between the sarcolemma and the outermost layer of myofilaments in the muscle fibre (myofibre))

99
Q

Double muscling

A

Muscular hyperplasia - various beef breeds, whippets, myostatin gene affected (myokine, a protein produced and released by myocytes that acts on muscle cells to inhibit muscle cell growth)

100
Q

Porcine stress syndrome

A

Malignant hyperthermia - various pig breeds, ryanodine gene receptor (Ca^2+ release inc)

101
Q

Degenerative myopathies

A

Segmental/global myofibre necrosis where inflammatory cells are not the cause of damage - sequelae for myocyte degeneration + necrosis

102
Q

Disturbance of circulation

A

Includes occlusion of major artery e.g. aortoiliac thrombosis; widespread vascular damage e.g. vasculitis; inc intramuscular pressure - prolonged recumbency

103
Q

Nutritional deficiency

A

High metabolic activity of muscle makes it sensitive to free radical damage, need antioxidants as defence mechanism, selenium and vit E, selenium most commonly deficient, nutritional myopathy common in livestock, horses and camelids -> pale muscle = ‘white muscle disease’

104
Q

Toxic myopathy

A

Causes monophasic or polyphasic necrosis, livestock prone to ingesting myotoxins in plants e.g. sycamore tree (equine atypical myopathy), box elder tree (equine pasture-associated myopathy), white snakeroot, cottonseed products, coffee senna, coyotilloIo

105
Q

Ionophore toxicity

A

Antibiotics used as feed additives -> toxic myopathy, e.g. monensin, lasalocid, maduramicin, narasin, horses especially sensitive to toxicity

106
Q

Exertional myopathy

A

Ionic and physical events associated with myofibre contraction leading to myofibre necrosis in certain conditions, often have pre-existing conditions e.g. selenium deficiency, called ‘capture myopathy’ in wild animals, in horses related to equine polysaccharide storage myopathy and/or abnormal calcium homeostasis w/ other factors, sled dogs and greyhounds

107
Q

Myositis ossificans

A

Abnormal response to localised tissue trauma -> focal zone of fibrosis with osseous metaplasia, central proliferating undifferentiated cells, middle zone of osteoblasts producing osteoid, outer trabecular bone, surgical excision curative, dogs, humans, horses (NOT INFLAMMATORY)

108
Q

Bacterial myositis

A

Bacterial emboli that reach muscle from direct penetration, haematogenous, nearby inflammation, common in livestock, supportive and necrotising, supportive and fibrosing, haemorrhagic, granulomatous

109
Q

Pyogenic bacteria - bacterial myositis

A

Localised suppurative and necrotising myositis, may resolve completely or become an abscess, sometimes spreads alone fascial planes

110
Q

Granulomatous myositis

A

Mycobacteria - bovis, tuberculosis etc

111
Q

Fibrosing and granulomatous myositis

A

Splendore-Hoeppli reaction, encapsulated lesions (fibrosing), actinobacillus lignieresii (G -ive = wooden tongue in cattle), actinomyces bovis (G +ive, lumpy jaw in cattle), staphylococcus aureus (G +ive), botryomycosis in horses + pigs (not fungus)

112
Q

Porcine encephalomyelitis

A

Enterovirus, Picornaviridae

113
Q

FMDV

A

Aphthovirus, Picornaviridae

114
Q

Bluetongue virus

A

Orbivirus, Reoviridae

115
Q

Akabane disease

A

Akabane virus, Bunyaviridae

116
Q

Sarcocystis spp.

A

Protozoan, horses, ruminants, pigs

117
Q

Trichinella spirali

A

Nematode, pigs

118
Q

Neospora caninum

A

Protozoan, dogs, cattle foetuses

119
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi

A

Protozoan, dogs

120
Q

Cysticercus spp.

A

Cestode (larval form), ruminants, pigs

121
Q

Nematode larval migrans

A

Dogs

122
Q

Hepatozoon americanum

A

Protozoan, dogs

123
Q

Immune-mediated myositis

A

Most common in dogs, cytotoxic T lymphocytes damage myofibres, mixture of lymphocyte types in infiltrate + interstitial and perivascular patterns of infiltration

124
Q

Polymyositis

A

Inflammation and degeneration of skeletal muscle throughout the body (wasting)

125
Q

Masticatory myositis

A

Wasting, pain opening mouth

126
Q

Extraocular muscle myositis

A

Sunken eyes

127
Q

Purpura haemorrhagica

A

In horses - immune-mediated vasculitis associated with bacterial infection e.g. Streptococcus equi spp. equi -> muscle injury

128
Q

Endocrine diseases

A

Can lead to type 2 myofibre atrophy, can cause neuropathy and denervation atrophy (with resulting altered fibre type pattern), hypothyroidism (dogs), hypercortisolism + hyperadrenocorticism (dogs), PPID (horses)

129
Q

Electrolyte abnormalitis

A

Can cause profound weakness, sometimes myofibre necrosis e.g. hypokalaemia (cattle, cats), hypophosphataemia (cattle), hypernatraemia (cats), hypocalcaemia (Cattle)

130
Q

Osteopenia

A

Reduced bone density

131
Q

Joint mice

A

Fragments of cartilage breaking off + embedded in other areas of the joint

132
Q

Exuberant

A

Excessive proliferation of tissue

133
Q

Porphyria

A

Deficiency (inherited or acquired) of the enzymes that transform porphyrins -> abnormally high levels (bone liver, RBC), become bright red-pink fluorescence on exposure to UV light in a dark room

134
Q

Arthrogryposis

A

Ruminants - in utero infection (e.g. Schmallenberg virus) or toxicity causes failure of skeletal muscle innervation + muscle hypoplasia

135
Q

‘Double muscling’

A

Congenital muscle hyperplasia due to inc no. myofibres, defect in myostatin gene (Belgian blue cattle, ‘bully’ whippets)

136
Q

‘Splay leg’

A

Pigs - myofibrillar hypoplasia, myofibrils fail to develop

VMS2004 Pathology of the Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Musculoskeletal Systems (39 decks)

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