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VMS2004 Pathology of the Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Musculoskeletal Systems > Key Terminology & Definitions - Respiratory > Flashcards

Key Terminology & Definitions - Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

High flow, low pressure, supplies alveoli (cardiac output)

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2
Q

Bronchial circulation

A

Low flow, high pressure, supplies bronchi +/-pleura, smaller vessels without external elastic lamina (cardiac output)

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3
Q

Distinct lung lobules

A

Pig, cow, human

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4
Q

Intermediate lobulation

A

Horse, small ruminant

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5
Q

Absent lobules

A

Carnivores

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6
Q

Cat respiratory system

A

Have very thick tunic muscularis in pul aa.

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7
Q

Rodent respiratory system

A

Have cardiac muscle in their larger pul vv.

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8
Q

Pig and ruminant lungs

A

Right cranial lobe bronchus is first branch off trachea = common site of aspiration pneumonia

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9
Q

Marine mammals - differences

A

Have cartilage in bronchioles - resists pressures of deep diving, other species rely on tension from adjacent alveoli to keep bronchioles open

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10
Q

Classes of pul macrophages

A

Alveolar, dendritic, interstitial, pulmonary intravascular (PIMs), pleural

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11
Q

Alveolar macrophages

A

Resident, self-renewing pool - homeostasis and prevent inflammation, recycle surfactant, not very good at recognises inert substances (e.g. C, silicates)

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12
Q

Dendritic macrophages

A

Same as dendritic cells everywhere else

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13
Q

Interstitial macrophages

A

Least characterised type, function incompletely described

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14
Q

Pulmonary intravascular macrophages (PIMs)

A

Phagocytic and pro-inflammatory - involved in acute lung injury, only present in ruminants, horses, pigs, cats, whales + recruited in humans and dogs

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15
Q

Pleural macrophages

A

Not well characterised

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16
Q

Type I pneumocytes

A

Have a large SA and low antioxidant levels - prone to oxidative damage, death leads to sloughing and type II pneumocyte regenerative response

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17
Q

BALT

A

Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue

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18
Q

Choanal atresia

A

No communication between nasal cavity and nasopharynx - camelids, forced to mouth breath, interferes w/ nursing and prone to aspiration pneumonia

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19
Q

Nasal amyloidosis

A

Submucosal in horses, may be associated w/ ulceration (not usually associated w/ systemic amyloidosis)

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20
Q

Epistaxis

A

Nosebleed - usually unilateral if in the nasal cavity but can come from anywhere in respiratory tract

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21
Q

Waldeyer’s ring

A

Ring of lymphoid tissues circling pro and nasopharynx

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22
Q

Rhinitis

A

Irritation and inflammation of the mucous membrane inside the nose - starts with serous exudate and progresses to catarrhal (localised or part of systemic disease)

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23
Q

Types and presentations of rhinitis

A 
Pseudomembranous, 
Fibrinonecrotic/diphtheric, acute, 
Chronic: suppurative, eosinophilic, lymphoplasmacytic
Idiopathic lymphoplasmacytic 
Allergic (atopic)
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24
Q

Pseudomembranous rhinitis

A

Free-layering covering of fibrin on surface with no underlying ulceration (can just remove fibrin)

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25
Q

Fibrinonecrotic/dipheric rhinitis

A

Fibrin firmly adhered to ulcerated surface - red + haemorrhaging

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26
Q

Acute rhinitis

A

Loss of cilia, epithelial attenuation, goblet cell hyperplasia, inflammatory cells

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27
Q

Chronic rhinitis

A

Epithelial attenuation or metaplasia (transformation of cells to squamous/cuboidal), fibrosis, polyps, lymphoid hyperplasia - classified based on inflammatory infiltrate

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28
Q

Suppurative rhinitis

A

Non-specific - bacteria e.g. salmonella enterica spp diarizonae in sheep, streptococcus canis and streptococcus zooepidermicus in dogs and cats, fungi e.g. Aspergillus sp. in dogs and cats (German shepherds), foreign body etc

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29
Q

Eosinophilic rhinitis

A

Often allergic + fungal tumours

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30
Q

Lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis

A

Non-specific + v. common

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31
Q

Idiopathic rhinitis

A

Important in dogs - inc mucus and turbinate destruction, mostly lymphoplasmacytic

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32
Q

Allergic (atopic) rhinitis

A

Seen sporadically in most species - type I hypersensitivity, pollen allergy discharge, lacrimation, nasal itching, sneezing, pale, thick, oedematous mucosa - can progress to nasal granuloma in cattle (chronic)

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33
Q

Granulomatous rhinitis

A

Protozoal agents - cryptococcus spp., rhinpsporidium seeberi, besnotia protozoal cysts

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34
Q

Cryptococcus spp.

A

Thick capsule, narrow-based budding

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35
Q

Rhinosporidium seeberi

A

Polyps with huge endosporulating sporangia (endospore with a capsule)

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36
Q

Besnotia protozoal cysts

A

Found in many other tissues

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37
Q

Sinusitis

A

Inflammation of sinuses - secretions build up, predispose to bacterial infection and chronic purulent inflammation, most important in horses - large complex sinuses with poor drainage close to teeth and prone to extension of periodontitis

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38
Q

Mucocele

A

Seromucous exudate

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39
Q

Empyema

A

Purulent exudate (accumulation of pus)

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40
Q

Progressive ethmoid haematoma

A

Horses - arise from ethmoid turbinates, mottled, fibrovascular mass of organising haemorrhages, siderosis, and mineral (thoroughbreds + Arabians, older animals)

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41
Q

Nasopharyngeal polyp

A

Inflammatory mass arising in middle ear or auditory (eustachian) tube, young cats

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42
Q

Cystic lesions

A

Paranasal sinus cysts in foals and young horses distort face + teeth, cystic nasal conchae in cattle -> progressive nasal obstruction

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43
Q

Guttural pouch

A

Diverticulum of the auditory (eustachian) tube in horses -

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44
Q

Laryngeal hemiplegia

A

Dorsal displacement of soft palate (close proximity to vagus n.)

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45
Q

Guttural pouch tympany

A

Air build-up in pouch - less common than inflammation, young horses

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46
Q

Larynx in horses

A

Abnormally short epiglottis predisposes to dorsal displacement of soft palate

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47
Q

Laryngeal oedema

A

Local or systemic inflammation, irritant inhalation, hyperthermia, anaphylaxis (physical damage)

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48
Q

Laryngitis

A

Occurs alone or with upper respiratory inflammation e.g. e.g. due to Fusobacterium necrophorum in calves (oral necrobacillosis)

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49
Q

Laryngeal paralysis in horses

A

Idiopathic degeneration of recurrent laryngeal nerve, almost always affects left side, denervation atrophy of cricoarytenoid muscles, cartilage sags into larynx

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50
Q

Laryngeal paralysis in dogs

A

Older males, large to giant breeds, predisposes to aspiration pneumonia, may be due to systemic muscular disease

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51
Q

Laryngeal chondritis

A

Ulceration at rostral margin of arytenoid cartilage - deforms laryngeal cartilage, causes inflammation and necrosis, short-necked sheep (Texels) + horses

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52
Q

Brachycephalic airway syndrome

A

Mostly dogs - stenotic nares, elongated soft palate, tracheal hypoplasia, tracheal rings overlap and the dorsal tracheal ligament in inapparent, inc airway pressure -> eversion of laryngeal saccules +/- tonsils, oedema, collapse of trachea and/or larynx

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53
Q

Tracheal collapse

A

Dorsoventral narrowing, coughing and exercising intolerance, wide, flaccid trachealis muscle, cartilage rings are abnormal shapes (tracheal hypoplasia) + bronchioles often collapsed (middle-aged miniature dogs + horses)

54
Q

Tracheal oedema and haemorrhage syndrome

A

= ‘Honker syndrome’ - partial obstruction by haemorrhage and oedema of dorsal trachea (dusty environment)

55
Q

Atelectasis

A

A complete or partial collapse of the entire lung or area (lobe) of the lung - caused by air or gas in pleura due to loss of negative pressure, fleshy or firmer texture (if foetal, will not float)

56
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Air in thorax

57
Q

Primary spontaneous pneumothorax

A

Rupture of pulmonary blebs or bullae, especially in dogs

58
Q

Secondary spontaneous pneumothorax

A

Due to underlying lung disease e.g. ruptured parasitic cyst

59
Q

Hydrothorax

A

Clear, watery transudate, colourless or light yellow, low protein and low cells, due to inc venous pressure, lymphatic obstruction (backflow of fluid in circulation), common in cats w/ cardiomyopathy

60
Q

Chylothorax

A

Accumulation of milky, high triglyceride lymph fluid (usually idiopathic)

61
Q

Haemothorax

A

Blood in pleura, usually traumatic but also rodenticide toxicity, ruptured tumours, lung lobe torsion, erosion of vessels by tumours of inflammation

62
Q

Pleura

A

Continuous layer of mesothelium involved in fluid balance and inflammation

63
Q

Fibrinous pleuritis

A

Loose strands or sometimes large plaques with lakes of fluid (from blood vessels)

64
Q

Pyothorax - pleuritis

A

Creamy suppurative exudate

65
Q

Chronic pleuritis

A

Lots of adhesions but seldom affect lung func - fibrin polymerised, elasticity of lungs compromised

66
Q

Pleuritis - horses

A

Aspiration of pharyngeal contents, unilateral/bilateral, usually extends from lung lesion but reaction is so severe it’s hard to find + in septicaemic foals

67
Q

Pleuritis - dogs

A

Hunting dogs, bilateral/unilateral, protozoal bacterial infection - Actinomyces spp., Nocardia, Bacteroides with characteristic sulphur granules, usually due to inhaled/migrating grass awns, or bite wounds, oesophageal perforation, bacteraemia

68
Q

Pleuritis - cats

A

FIP common (multifocal pyogranulomas on pleura), pyothorax relatively common, variety of bacteria, most cases idiopathic

69
Q

Pleuritis - pigs

A

Actinobacillus sp., Streptococcus suis, Haemophilus

parasuis, Mycoplasma hyorhinis

70
Q

Pleuritis - cattle

A

Mannheimia haemolytica, Histophilus somni, traumatic reticuloperitonitis, Pasteurella multocida

71
Q

Pulmonary hypoplasia

A

Reduced lung weight + often reduced no. alveoli e.g. hernias, thoracic masses, effusions, ribcage malformation, impaired foetal breathing movements (nervous/muscular deficits)

72
Q

Bronchial atresia

A

Accumulation of mucus in lung (lack of patency)

73
Q

Partial bronchial obstruction

A

Air trapping after birth (congenital lobar emphysema)

74
Q

Lungs - lobe torsion

A

Right middle lobe in large, deep-chested dog breeds, cats

Left cranial lobe in small breed dogs

75
Q

Obstructive atelectasis

A

Due to complete airway obstruction

76
Q

Compressive atelectasis

A

Due to space-occupying lesions (hydrothorax, pleuritis, tumours etc), abdominal distention (bloat, ascites - mostly cranial lobes), pneumothorax, recumbent large animals develop on the ‘down’ side

77
Q

Alveolar emphysema

A

Abnormal permanent enlargement of alveoli due to destruction of septa - imbalance between proteases and antiproteases

78
Q

Interstital emphysema

A

Subpleural and within interlobular septa - air in the connective tissues and lymphatics, common in cattle

79
Q

Blebs

A

Air-filled spaces in the connective tissue of the pleura, common cause of pneumothorax in dogs

80
Q

Bullae

A

Air-filled spaces in the parenchyma that bulges into the pleura, common cause of pneumothorax in dogs

81
Q

Overinflation of alveoli

A

(Not emphysema, but grossly resembles it) - due to airway obstruction or spasm (air trapping + failure to deflate), can be congenital in dogs

82
Q

In situ thrombi

A

Usually microscopic + dissolve quickly after death (absence of microthrombi doesn’t rule out DIC)

83
Q

Embolic thrombi

A

Usually grossly visible in diff organs

84
Q

Lung infarction

A

Uncommon - due to dual blood supply

85
Q

Septic emboli

A

Lots of bacteria, can cause acute oedema/interstitial disease

86
Q

Fat emboli

A

Uncommon - can result from hepatic lipidosis, bone fractures or subcutaneous necrosis in diabetes or pancreatitis

87
Q

Siderophage

A

Haemosiderin-containing macrophages

88
Q

Equine exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH)

A

Racehorses - lesions usually present in caudodorsal lung (pleural discolouration +/- fibrosis + siderophage accumulation)

89
Q

Equine exercise-associated fatal pulmonary haemorrhage

A

Common cause of acute sudden death in racehorses, wide spread haemorrhage and oedema on histology, haemorrhage in all lung components - not necessarily severe EIPH as it is a diffuse process

90
Q

Pulmonary hypertension

A

When pul arterial pressure >30 mmHg - due to vascular remodelling, imbalance between vasodilatory and vasoconstrictive factors

91
Q

Pulmonary venous hypertension

A

Due to left heart failure + can eventually lead to arterial hypertension

92
Q

Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease

A

Rare - rapidly progressive respiratory distress, firm lungs

93
Q

Pulmonary vasculitis

A

Uncommon - septic vasculitis can arrive haematogenously or from adjacent pneumonia, specific causes e.g. heartworm, viral vasculitides

94
Q

Uraemic pneumonopathy

A

Dogs - acute or chronic renal failure, similar lesions in hypercalcaemia, vit D toxcitiy

95
Q

Eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy

A

Uncommon steroid-responsive disease of young dogs

96
Q

Bronchiectasis

A

Permanent dilation of bronchi due to chronic obstruction and infection - bronchi are unable to clear exudates + can’t function, usually secondary to bacterial bronchopneumonia or bronchitis, sometimes immune-mediated or congenital

97
Q

Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD)

A

Diverse array of problems involving cilia throughout the body and sperm, half of affected individuals have Kartagener’s syndrome

98
Q

Kartagener’s syndrome

A

Sinusitis, bronchiectasis and situs inversus due to abnormal embryologic development

99
Q

Pneumonia

A

Caused by bacterial or viral infection, in which the air sacs are inflammed

100
Q

Bronchointerstitial pneumonia

A

Necrosis affecting bronchiolar and alveolar epithelium, bronchioles more commonly obstructed than bronchi - much smaller and less dilated

101
Q

Bronchiolitis obliterans

A

Histological syndrome - sequel to chronic bronchiolar damage, fibrous polyps occlude lumen, severe impact on alveolar ventilation, may cause widespread hypoventilation and secondary hypertension, common in cattle with chronic pneumonia

102
Q

Lobular bronchopneumonia

A

Affected and unaffected lobules, slow lesion expansion, most common in species with prominent septa (cattle)

103
Q

Lobar bronchopneumonia

A

Consolidation of entire lobe, often accompanied by pleuritis

104
Q

Chronic suppurative bronchopneumonia

A

If infection remains active, often secondary pathogens, primary cause not identifiable, may cause fibrosis, bronchiectasis, abscesses, sequestra

105
Q

Sequestrum

A

Mass of necrotic lung, often separated by purulent exudate and fibrous capsule, firm, grey-red, friable, foul smell, permanent, non-functional nidus of infection

106
Q

Aspiration pneumonia

A

Inhalation of any foreign material (usually fluid)

107
Q

Bronchiointestinal disease

A

Epithelial necrosis in bronchioles and alveoli

108
Q

Diffuse alveolar damage

A

Most common form of interstitial disease - damage to type I pneumocytes or endothelium

109
Q

Anaphylaxis

A

Mostly in cattle, bronchoconstriction, alveolar and interlobular oedema

110
Q

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis

A

Confinement-raised cattle, rarely horses, chronic inhalation of mould spores in hay, lesions centred on airways

111
Q

Granulomatous interstitial penumona

A

TB, Rhodococcus, Nocardia, yeasts, parasites, some viruses

112
Q

ARDS

A

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (interstitial lung disease in dogs), rapid progression, may see pneumothorax + gastro-oesophageal intussusception due to dyspnoea

113
Q

Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

A

Common in foals - herpesvirus septicaemia, meconium aspiration (in calves) -. failure of type II pneumocytes to secrete functional surfactant -> inc surface tension -> alveoli collapse, shear stress injures epithelium

114
Q

Interstitial + bronchointerstitial pneumonia in foals

A

Often concurrent Rhodococcus lesions

115
Q

Lipid pneumonia

A

Aspiration of oil droplets - foamy macrophages try to resorb oil and fill alveoli

116
Q

Alveolar filling disorders

A

Buildup of abnormal material in alveoli - incidental, indicate airway obstruction, excess production and/or impaired removal of substances (foamy macrophages)

117
Q

Alveolar proteinosis

A

Granular eosinophilic or amphophilic material made of surfactant proteins and phospholipids

118
Q

Pulmonary hyalinosis

A

Macrophages and giant cells with hyaline material

119
Q

Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis

A

Laminated concretions in alveoli and sometimes septa, rare in animals + cause clinical signs if extensive

120
Q

Multifocal osseous metaplasia

A

Well demarcated small nodules of bone

121
Q

Pneumoconiosis

A

Lung disease due to inhalation of inorganic dusts (silicates), persist in macrophages, which trigger fibrosis

122
Q

Anthracosis

A

Carbon - when animals exposed to pollutants, around airway bifurcations (branches) (migration of macrophages)

123
Q

Direct interstitial disease, non-infections (toxic)

A

Toxic gas exposure NO2

124
Q

Metabolites interstitial disease, non-infections (toxic)

A

Cause damage to cells with high P450 enzyme activity e.g. Perilla mint, mould beans, brassicas, pyrrolizidine alkaloids, crotalaria, paraquat (herbicide), fumonisin B1

125
Q

Fog fever (3-methylindole toxicity)

A

L-tryptophan is metabolised to 3-MI in the rumen which is further metabolised to a substance that damages cell mems

126
Q

Embolic pneumonia

A

Haematogenous arrival of agents - multifocal rounded foci of necrosis, inflammation, abscessation

127
Q

Abscesses

A

Via emboli or from chronic bronchopneumonia -> cranioventral distribution +/- bronchiectasis or aspirated foreign material, can erode through pleura to cause empyema, into vessels + cause haemorrhage/into bronchi -> bronchopneumonia

128
Q

Inflammatory airway disease (IAD)

A

Mild-moderate end of equine asthma syndrome, no clinical signs at rest, exercise intolerance and poor performance, excess mucus and coughing, doesn’t necessarily progress to RAO

129
Q

Recurrent airway obstruction (RAO)

A

Severe equine asthma, AKA heaves, airway hyper-responsiveness + episodes of reversible airway obstruction due to bronchospasm in response to allergen exposure, often seasonal (dust exposure), genetic predisposition + previous viral injury, grossly unremarkable, changes most prominent in caudodorsal lung

130
Q

Feline asthma syndrome

A

AKA feline allergic bronchitis - recurrent episodes of bronchoconstriction, cough, dyspnoea, excess mucus and smooth muscle hyperplasia in chronic cases, not fatal - self-limiting and responds to steroids

131
Q

BAL

A

Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Cytology

VMS2004 Pathology of the Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Musculoskeletal Systems (39 decks)

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