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VMS2004 Pathology of the Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Musculoskeletal Systems > Key Terminology & Definitions - Musculoskeletal II > Flashcards

Key Terminology & Definitions - Musculoskeletal II Flashcards

1
Q

Fibrous joint

A

United by fibrous tissue (little movement); e.g. sutures (skull), syndesmoses, and gomphoses (periodontal ligament of tooth root)

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2
Q

Sutures

A

= Cranial sutures, fibrous joints that connect the bones of the skull

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3
Q

Syndesmosis

A

Complex fibrous joint between two bones and connected by ligaments + strong mem, slight movement e.g. distal tibiofibular syndesmosis/inferior tibiofibular joint

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4
Q

Gomphosis

A

Fibrous mobile peg-and-socket joint e.g. periodontal ligament (tooth root) + alveolar bone

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5
Q

Cartilaginous joint

A

Union consists of either hyaline or fibrocartilage or a combination, sub-types = synchondrosis, symphysis

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6
Q

Synchondrosis

A

Primary cartilaginous joint mainly found in developing skeleton e.g. growth plates

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7
Q

Symphysis

A

Fibrocartilaginous joint in which the physis (body) of one bone meets the body of another all but two of the symphyses lie in the vertebral (spinal) column, all but one contain fibrocartilage as a constituent tissue

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8
Q

Synovial (diarthrodial) joint

A

Hyaline articular cartilage, articular capsule, joint space with synovial fluid (ligaments, fibrocartilaginous menisici, more complex, involved in supporting structures, most common joint

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9
Q

Articular cartilage synovial joint anatomy

A

Has loops of type II collagen embedded in hyaluronic acid matrix, no blood vv. or nerves in cartilage

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10
Q

Joint capsule synovial joint anatomy

A

Continuous with periosteum

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11
Q

Subchondral bone synovial joint anatomy

A

More deformable than normal bone, shares load when weight bearing, joint diseases makes bone denser - more strain on cartilage and worse damage e.g. esteosclerosis

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12
Q

Synovial membrane

A

Comprised of two types of synoviocytes, synovial fluid should be clear, colourless to light yellow + viscous

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13
Q

Type A synoviocytes

A

Macrophage-like, phagocytose and degrade debris

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14
Q

Type B synoviocytes

A

Produce synovial fluid (hyaluronic acid and glycosaminoglycans)

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15
Q

Intervertebral disc

A

Provides elasticity and shock absorption (buffer)

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16
Q

Nucleus pulposus

A

Intervertebral disc component - water and proteoglycans, few collagen fibres (fluid),

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17
Q

Annulus fibrosus

A

Intervertebral disc component - collagen fibres and some fibrocartilage (+ hyaline cartilage)

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18
Q

Degenerative joint disease (DJD)

A

= Osteoarthrosis/degenerative arthropathy, 1^y and 2^y gross lesions are identical (any joint/articular incongruence/misalignment will turn into DJD

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19
Q

Monoarticular

A

One joint

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20
Q

Polyarticular

A

Multiple joints

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21
Q

Primary DJD

A

Inevitable consequence of ageing, no predisposing cause, common incidental finding at PM in old animals

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22
Q

Secondary DJD

A

Due to an underlying abnormality or injury in the joint, cartilage degenerates prematurely

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23
Q

Osteosclerosis

A

Abnormal inc in density + hardening of bone

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24
Q

Osteochondromatosis

A

Benign neoplasm involving synovial mem, cartilage develops by metaplasia of connective tissue cells of mem

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25
Q

Osteophyte

A

Bony lumps/spurs

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26
Q

Eburnation

A

Painful bone-on-bone contact causing polishing of articular the surface (complete loss of articular cartilage)

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27
Q

High motion joint e.g. + DJD

A

Gradual cartilage erosion, subchondral bone sclerosis, chronic synovitis + joint capsule fibrosis -> stiffening e.g. metacarpophalangeal (fetlock) - most commonly affected by DJD, distal interphalangeal joint (coffin joint)

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28
Q

Low motion joint e.g. + DJD

A

Maximum loading is focused on a small area -> full-thickness cartilage necrosis with limited wearing, can result in ankylosis e.g. hock, proximal interphalangeal joint (pastern joint)

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29
Q

Ankylosis

A

Abnormal stiffening + immobility of joints due to fusion of the bones

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30
Q

Ringbone

A

DJD of interphalangeal joints, most common in forelimbs, older horses, early lesion is joint capsule fibrosis, progresses to osteophyte formation + ankylosis later

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31
Q

High ringbone

A

DJD of proximal interphalangeal joint (pastern joint)

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32
Q

Low ringbone

A

DJD of distal interphalangeal joint (coffin joint)

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33
Q

Spavin

A

Gross changes in tarsal/metatarsal, usually on medial aspect, starts as fibrous ankylosis and progresses to bony ankylosis

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34
Q

Bog spavin

A

Excess synovial fluid in early tarsal DJD (occupying larger area)

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35
Q

Bone spavin

A

Firm swelling due to bone remodelling in chronic tarsal DJD

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36
Q

Navicular syndrome

A

Loss of articular cartilage and bone resorption of distal sesamoid bone, periarticular osteophytes form, bone resorption follows nutrient arteries, usually forelimbs, bilateral

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37
Q

Chondrodystrophic breeds

A

Short legs, long backs e.g. Dachshunds, Basset hounds

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38
Q

Intervertebral disc disease (IVDD)

A

Mainly dogs, faster in chondrodystrophic breeds, collagen content of nucleus pulposus increases and decrease of proteoglycans with age

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39
Q

Disc herniation

A

Two types (Hansen type I & II), both usually dorsal (thinner annulus fibrosus than ventral)

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40
Q

Hansen type I IVDD

A

Massive extrusion of disc material into spinal canal, almost exclusively w/ chondrodystrophic breeds w/ disc degeneration, all discs are mineralised but usually only one herniate, may damage vessels leading to haemorrhage, ascending myelomalacia in some cases, extruded disc promote inflammation, can adhere to dura mater.
Non-chondrodystrophic breeds - can occur due to trauma but liquid disc means milder damage (Hansen type III)

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41
Q

Malacia

A

Softening and necrosis of nervous tissue - complete loss of architecture and cells

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42
Q

Hansen type II IVDD

A

Bulging of annulus fibrosis causing protrusion into spinal canal, non-chondrodystrophic breeds, obesity, nucleus pulposus stays mucoid until middle or old age, won’t degenerate, degeneration of annulus fibrosus allows slow protrusion of the disc, common in areas of high vertebral mobility, no rupture and no extrusion of contents = milder clinical signs

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43
Q

Areas of high vertebral mobility

A

Thoracolumbar region - distal/caudal thoracic vertebrae + cranial lumbar vertebrae

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44
Q

Spondylosis (or spondylosis deformans, ankylosing spondylosis (multiple vertebrae), bridging spondylosis

A

Osteophytes form along ventral vertebral bodies and can bridge between them, due to degenerative changes in ventral annulus fibrosus (stretching and tearing), dogs, bulls (+ rams + pigs)

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45
Q

Osteochondrosis

A

Failure of endochondral ossification, 3 forms, typically associated with initial necrosis within growth plate/articular epiphyseal cartilage complex, young, growing animals, often bilaterally symmetrical, regions of thickened, depressed, wrinkled cartilage due to collapse of necrotic cartilage, later can form a cleft that separates the cartilage from the bone -> cartilage flap, can break off into joint cavity = painful

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46
Q

Cervical myelopathy ‘wobbler’ syndrome

A

Horses + dogs - articular facet of vertebrae can predispose this, two forms, grossly thickened ligamentum flavum (ventral aspect of neural arches) + dorsal lamina, articular facet osteophytes

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47
Q

Cervical myelopathy - static form

A

Horses + dogs - show clinical signs w/o flexion/extension, articular facets are displaced ventromedially (towards spinal canal)

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48
Q

Cervical myelopathy - dynamic form

A

Horses only - clinical signs when neck flexed

49
Q

Hip dysplasia

A

Lack of conformity between the femoral head and acetabulum -> joint laxity + DJD, large/giant dog breeds common, joint subluxation in dogs, sporadic cases in other species (e.g. Hereford cattle), lesions most prominent on weight-bearing areas or femur and dorsal acetabulum, femoral head becomes flattened and neck of femur thickens, formation of marginal osteophytes may make acetabulum look deeper than it is

50
Q

Atlantoaxial subluxation

A

Small breed dogs - odontoid process of axis fails to fuse with body, dens is too small (severe dorsal displacement), corrected via surgery

51
Q

Patellar luxation

A

Common in dogs, infrequent in horses, rare in other species, unilateral or bilateral, variable severity, joint instability predisposes to DJD

52
Q

Patellar luxation - dogs

A

Usually medial luxation, small breeds (lateral luxation less common, usually seen in larger breeds), defects in stifle angle and direction of tension on patellar ligament, once patellar is out of the groove, it remains shallower and worsens risk of luxation and DJD

53
Q

Patellar luxation - horses

A

Congenital hypoplasia of lateral ridge of trochlea, heritable in miniature horses, ponies

54
Q

Synovitis

A

Inflammation of synovial membrane

55
Q

Tenosynovitis

A

Inflammation of synovial joint + adjacent tendon sheaths

56
Q

Arthritis

A

Inflammation of synovial membrane and other components of joint

57
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Inflammation secondary to degenerative joint disease

58
Q

Pannus

A

Covers e.g. entire articular surface / formation, erosion of joint margins = granulation tissue

59
Q

Infectious inflammatory joint disease

A

Young livestock, horses, sequel to systemic disease (neonatal bacteraemia) e.g. cystitis, generally affects multiple joints (polyarthritis) + may have osteomyelitis, penetrating wounds

60
Q

Fibrinous arthritis

A

Bacterial - fibrin clots, abundant turbid synovial fluid, villous hyperplasia, articular cartilage not affected unless covered by pannus (granulation tissue) , pannus -> adhesions + ankylosis. early lesions may have periarticular oedema, chronic = lymphplasmacytic e.g. group A streptococci, erysipelas

61
Q

Suppurative/purulent arthritis

A 
Abundant neutrophils (degenerate + non-degenerate) in synovial fluid + membrane, more destructive than fibrinous arthritis, causes cartilage destruction at weight bearing areas, articular margins, if cartilage erodes, infection can get into underlying bone -> cartilage separation + ulceration + involvement of subchondral bone (epiphysis = osteomyelitis)
Septic arthritis (bacteria) = degenerative neutrophils
Non-degenerate neutrophils = mycoplasma, Borrelia, some viruses
Non + degenerate neutrophils = immune-mediated arthritis
62
Q

Diskospondylitis

A

Inflammation of the vertebral disc + associated vertebrae, due to primary bacteraemia, large breed dogs (lumbosacral, Staphylococcus pseudintermedius), pigs (upper thoracic, upper lumbar, erysipelas, T. pyogenes, staphylococci, Brucella suis), early lesions = soft, grey-yellow, extend into spinal canal/bone, later = disc destroyed, fibrosis, osteophytes

63
Q

Erysipelas rhusiopathiae

A

Pigs (pig to pig transmission) - fibrinous polyarthritis, vacc inc risk
Lambs (omphalitis, tail dock/castration infection) - fibrinopurulent polyarthritis, high morbidity/low mortality

64
Q

Steptococci

A

Calves - no obvious joint swelling - sub-clinical, PM to isolate pathogen
Lambs - polyarthritis (second most common behind erysipelas)
Pigs (S. suis) - purulent arthritis (uncommon)

65
Q

Escheria coli

A

Calves - poly arthritis, tenosynovitis

66
Q

Staphylococci

A

Livestock (S. aureus) - polyarthritis
Dogs (S. aureus) - monoarticular - foreign body disease/trauma
Pigs (S. hyicus) - fibrinopurulent (elbow, tarsus)

67
Q

Haemophilus parasuis

A

Pigs - polyarthritis (Glasser’s disease) = fibrinous/fibrinosuppurative

68
Q

Histophilus somni

A

Lambs - fibrinopurulent

Cattle - fibrinous, affects one or two joints

69
Q

Borella (Borrelia burgdorferi = Lyme disease)

A

Dogs - intermittent arthritis involving one or more joints, lymphplasmacytic synovitis (non-specific), infection more common than disease

70
Q

Chlamydophila pecorum

A

(Only chlamydia that causes arthritis in animals)
Calves - polyarthritis, usually fatal systemic disease
Lambs - high morbidity/low mortality, joint stiffness resolves with exercise (self-remission)

71
Q

Mycoplasma

A

Livestock - polyarthritis, persistent antigen causes inflammation long after agent is gone
Pigs (M. hyorhinis > M. hyosynoviae) - fibrinopurulent polyarthritis
Goats > sheep - fibrinopurulent arthirits, hyperplastic synovitis
Cattle (M. bovis) - sporadic arthritis in any age group, half of feedlot cattle with M. bovis pneumonia also have fibrinosuppurative arthritis

72
Q

Caprine arthritis and encephalitis virus (CAEV)

A

Transmitted in colostrum and milk, virus damages vascular supply to synovial structures, infection more common in goats w/ variable morbidity, lameness, high prevalence of carpal hygromas (chronic flattened, fluctuant, subcutaneous distention over cranial carpus full of yellow or bloody fluid +/- fibrinous clots), don’t typically communicate w/ tendon sheath, thickened joint capsule +/- mineral, joints distended by clear yellow fluid (carpus, stifle), villous hypertrophy, cartilage erosion, pannus, lymphoplasmacytic arthritis

73
Q

Hygromas

A

Fluid-filled sacs that develop as a result of repeated trauma or pressure over a bony prominence

74
Q

Fungi (inflammatory joint disease)

A

Dogs (blastomycosis, Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidiosis immitis, cryptococcus neoformans, Sporothrix schenkii) - occasional cause of pyogranulomatous arthritis

75
Q

Protozoa (inflammatory joint disease)

A

Dogs, cats (Leishmaniasis) - other manifestations more typical

76
Q

Bursae

A

Fluid-filled pockets at regions of friction, can be part of normal anatomy (synovial) or acquired (adventitious), important in horses (nuchal ligament and underlying bursae)

77
Q

Cranial nuchal bursae

A

Between atlas and nuchal ligament (horses)

78
Q

Caudal nuchal bursa

A

Between axis and nuchal ligament (horses)

79
Q

Supraspinous bursa

A

Between spinous process of T2 and nuchal ligament (close to saddle area) (horses)

80
Q

Bursitis

A

Inflammation of the bursae, infectious (Actinomyces bovis, streptococci, staphylococci, Brucella abortus)/non-infectious (sterile = trauma, less likely to fistulate to surface)

81
Q

Fistula

A

Abnormal connection

82
Q

Poll evil

A

Inflammation of the cranial/and or caudal nuchal bursa

83
Q

Fistulous withers

A

Inflammation of the supraspinous bursa

84
Q

Adventitious bursae

A

From outside the joint capsule over bony prominences subjected to trauma (similar to sterile seroma), horses (capped elbow (olecranon, capped hock (tuber calcaneus), ruminants (carpal bursitis (hygroma), dogs (elbow hygroma), pigs (capped hocks), can be inflamed but not primary inflammatory lesions

85
Q

Seroma

A

Build-up of clear fluid, not at a pressure point

86
Q

Immune-mediated polyarthritis (IMPA)

A

Dogs + cats - can resemble infectious arthritis, non-degenerative neutrophils, hocks, carpi, stifle predisposed, erosive (cartilage destruction) and non-erosive (cartilage spared) forms

87
Q

Erosive IMPA

A

Rare (1% of cases), greyhounds, immune complexes deposit in synovium and cause complement fixation, inflammation + degradation of cartilage matrix e.g. rheumatoid arthritis

88
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

Formation of rheumatoid factor = antibodies to immunoglobulins, rare in animals but can affect dogs -> destruction of cartilage + bone

89
Q

Non-erosive IMPA

A

Most common, usually idiopathic, young, large breed dogs, antigen-antibody complexes deposit in synovium + recruit lymphocytes + neutrophils (pleocellular inflammatory response), no cartilage erosion, four types, can be vaccine/drug-induced - brief

90
Q

Type I non-erosive IMPA

A

Uncomplicated - most common, source of complexed unknown

91
Q

Type II non-erosive IMPA

A

Reactive - associated with distant infection or inflammation

92
Q

Type III non-erosive IMPA

A

Enteropathic - associated with gastrointestinal or hepatic disease

93
Q

Type IV non-erosive IMPA

A

Associated with carcinomas, leiomyosarcoma, lymphoma

94
Q

Familial shar pei fever

A

Non-erosive IMPA - due to mutation caused inc hyaluronic acid production = characteristic folds. degradation of hyaluronic acid triggers immune system -> cyclic fever, pain, hock swelling (periarticular cellulitis +/- articular inflammation) (23% affected)

95
Q

Hyaluronic acid

A

Substance found in the fluids in the eyes and joints - acts as a cushion and lubricant in the joints and other tissues

96
Q

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

A

Non-erosive IMPA - uncommon, associated with signs of disease elsewhere e.g. cutaneous disease/visceral involvement, LE cells can be present in synovial fluid = pink material, displaces nucleus to periphery

97
Q

Lupus erythematosus (LE) cells

A

Neutrophils with partly degraded phagocytosed nuclear material

98
Q

Histiocytic sarcoma

A

Most common joint tumour in dogs, less common in cats, DC/type A synoviocyte origin, disseminated or local forms, chronic joint inflammation predisposes its development, stifle > elbow, shoulder, coxofemoral joint, carpus, tarsus, soft multilobulated tan mass infiltrating into join + surrounding soft tissues, vacuoles on cyto (malignant)

99
Q

Synovial myxoma

A

Second most common joint tumour in dogs, seen in cats, stifle, digit >tarsus, elbow, carpus, vertebral facets, soft white translucent nodules that extend into surrounding tissues, slow growing, produces abundant viscous fluid, benign but can cause bony lysis (neoplastic osteolysis), soindle cells with a lot of myoxid matrix, middle-aged, large breed dogs predisposed, long history of clinical signs before diagnosis

100
Q

Myoid

A

Connective tissue that looks more blue or purple compared to normal connective tissue on histo

101
Q

Synovial chondromatosis

A

Osteochondromatosis if nodules ossify (have both components, bone + cartilage), shoulder > digits, elbow, tarsus, can transform to chondrosarcoma, hard pearly nodules attached to synovium but some can detach, large breed dogs, males, cats, horses, pigs

102
Q

Primary synovial chondromatosis

A

Develops spontaneously, no underlying cause, more nodules than 2^y

103
Q

Secondary chondromatosis

A

Develops due to degenerative joint disease (cartilage fragments break off and lodge in synovium or synovium undergoes chondroid metaplasia)

104
Q

Synovial cyst

A

Rare, periarticular cavity lined by synovium + containing synovial fluid, usually communicate w/ joint space + associated joint has DJD, due to herniation of synovium from joint space, old cats around elbow, sometimes digits, dogs - spine + compresses SC, horses, digital flexor tendon sheath (superficial/deep), sometimes spine

105
Q

Ganglion cyst

A

Contain viscous fluid but no synovial lining

106
Q

Kyphosis

A

Excessive outward curvature of spine

107
Q

Lordosis

A

Inward curve of the lumbar spine

108
Q

Scoliosis

A

Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine

109
Q

Chondrones

A

Chondrocyte cells at the periphery of damaged joint that have proliferated to form clusters + secrete matrix

110
Q

Synovial pannus

A

Arises from synovium at joint capsule insertion line, may arise from subchondral capillary bed beneath ulcerated articular surface, increased O2 tension from capillaries kills chondrocytes while inflammatory mediators destroy matrix -> flat sheet of granulation tissue

111
Q

Sclerosis

A

Hardening of tissue due to overgrowth of fibrous tissue and other changes

112
Q

Spontaneous osteoarthritis (OA)

A

Can occur early in equine athletes, or later in older horses, arthroscopic grading systems (carpus, fetlock) + biomarkers related to macroscopic and histologic cartilage lesions

113
Q

Osteochondrosis pigs

A 
V. common, usually latens 
Dorsal acetabulum
Humeral head
Humeral condyles
Occasionally physes
Medial femoral condyle
114
Q

Osteochondrosis in horses

A

One of most common predisposing causes for Wobbler syndrome - cervical vertebrae instability (cervical articular facets)
Lateral trochlear ridge, medial femoral condyle, patella
Distal tibia, tarsus
Fetlocks
Young, active (due to repeated trauma)

115
Q

Osteochondrosis in dogs

A

Young, male, large breed

Humeral head

116
Q

Osteochondrosis in cows

A 
Lateral trochlear ridge
Tibiotarsal joint
Occipital condyles (lesser prevalence)
Humeral head
Elbow
Distal radius
117
Q

Canine rheumatoid arthritis

A

Unknown cause, immune-mediated (humoral and cell-mediated immunity) - AB (rheumatoid factor) of IgG or IgM produced in response to unknown stimulus, factors involve steric configuration of IgG, persistent bacterial cell wall components that cross-react w/ normal proteoglycans, anticollagen antibodies + defective suppressive T lymphocyte activity, characterised by exuberant pannus formation

118
Q

Joint subluxation

A

Results as joint margins are reduced

119
Q

Joint ankylosis

A

Occurs in high-load/low-motion joints

VMS2004 Pathology of the Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Musculoskeletal Systems (39 decks)

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