Spinal Final: Section XV. The Head

Question 1

What part of the skull is derived from endochondral ossification?

Answer 1

chondrocranium

Question 2

What bones are formed from the chondrocranium?

Answer 2

the inferior nasal concha, ethmoid, and the remainder of the manidble, sphenoid, temporal, and occipital bone

Question 3

Which skull bones are ossified by both endochondral an intramembranous ossification?

Answer 3

the mandible, sphenoid, temporal, and occipital bones

Question 4

Which bones of the appendicular skeleton is formed by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?

Answer 4

the clavicle

Question 5

What is the cranium?

Answer 5

the skull minus the mandible

Question 6

What is the calvaria?

Answer 6

the skullcap

Question 7

What bones form the neurocranium?

Answer 7

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid (“PEST OF”)

Question 8

What bones form the facial skeleton?

Answer 8

mandible, vomer, nasal, maxilla, lacrimal, inferior nasal concha, palatine, and zygomatic

Question 9

What are the four subclassifications of synarthrosis joints based on Latin groupings?

Answer 9

suture, gomphosis, schindylesis, and syndesmosis

Question 10

What are the characteristics of sutura vera (true sutures)?

Answer 10

sutures demonstrating interlocking of the adjacent bone surfaces; typically formed by intramembranous ossification

Question 11

What are the characteristics of sutura notha (false sutures)?

Answer 11

sutures lacking interlocking of adjacent bone surfaces; typically formed by endochondral ossificaiton

Question 12

What is the classification of a joint with a “nail-like” condition?

Answer 12

gomphosis

Question 13

What is the classification of a joint with a “fissure-like” condition?

Answer 13

schindylesis

Question 14

What are the examples of schindylesis type of suture?

Answer 14

sphenoid - ethmoid - vomer articulation,

the palatine - maxilla - vomer articulation

Question 15

What are the examples of the gomphosis joint?

Answer 15

maxilla - root of tooth; manidble - root of tooth

Question 16

What ligament will be associated with gomphosis?

Answer 16

periodontal ligament

Question 17

What is the diamond shaped remnant of developing membrane bone at the intersection of the frontal bone with both parietal bones?

Answer 17

the anterior fontanelle

Question 18

What is the diamond shaped remnant of developing membrane bone at the intersection of the occipital bone and both parietal bones?

Answer 18

the posterior fontanelle

Question 19

What is the glabella?

Answer 19

the elevation of the bone over the frontal sinus between the oribits

Question 20

What is the name given to the indication of the bone between the nasal and frontal bones?

Answer 20

nasion

Question 21

What is the name given to the outline of the nasal cavity at the front of the skull?

Answer 21

piriform aperture

Question 22

What is the name given to the alveolar jugum of the canine tooth in the maxilla?

Answer 22

canine eminence

Question 23

What depression of the maxilla occurs lateral to the canine eminence?

Answer 23

the canine fossa

Question 24

What depression of the maxilla occurs medial to the canine eminence?

Answer 24

the incisive fossa

Question 25

What forms a bullet-like chin?

Answer 25

a large mental protuberance

Question 26

What forms an indented chin?

Answer 26

well developed bilateral mental tubercles and a slight mental protuberance

Question 27

What is the tip of the external occipital protuberance called?

Answer 27

the inion

Question 28

What bones form the pterion?

Answer 28

parietal, temporal, sphenoid, and frontal bones

Question 29

What bones form the asterion?

Answer 29

parietal, temporal, and occipital bone

Question 30

The styloid process is a feature on which bone?

Answer 30

temporal bone

Question 31

What points on the skull are used to measure the skull size?

Answer 31

the nasion, vertex, inion, and gnathion

Question 32

What points on the skull are used to measure cranial vault capacity?

Answer 32

he nasion, vertex, and inion

Question 33

What is the appearance of the suture intersections over the hard palate called?

Answer 33

the cruciate or cruciform suture

Question 34

What is the posterior boundary of the anterior cranial fossa?

Answer 34

a line drawn along the lesser wing of the sphenoid, anterior clinoid processes, and sphenoidal jugum

Question 35

What ostia are observed in the anterior cranial fossa?

Answer 35

cribiform plate, anterior and posterior ethmoid foramina, and foramen cecum

Question 36

What passes through the cribiform plate?

Answer 36

fila olfactoria of cranial nerve I, the olfactory nerve

Question 37

An emissary vein leaves the anterior cranial fossa via what opening?

Answer 37

foramen cecum

Question 38

What are the boundaries for the middle cranial fossa?

Answer 38

anterior: lesser wings, anterior clinoid processes, and sphenoidal jugum of sphenoid bone posterior: superior border of petrous part of temporal bone, posterior clinoid processes, and dorsum sella of sphenoid bone

Question 39

What bony feature is prominent in the median plane of the middle cranial fossa?

Answer 39

sella turcica

Question 40

What forms the roof of the sella turcica?

Answer 40

diaphragm sella

Question 41

What neural structure occupies the sella turcica?

Answer 41

hypophysis cerebri or pituitary gland

Question 42

What are the contents of the optic canal?

Answer 42

the optic nerve and opthalmic atery

Question 43

What are the contents of the superior orbital fissure?

Answer 43

the opthalmic veins, the oculomotor nerve, the trochlear nerve, the opthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve, and the abducent nerve

Question 44

Which single opening will allow the exit of the greatest number of cranial nerves?

Answer 44

the superior orbital fissure

Question 45

What is unique about the opthalmic artery and veins?

Answer 45

unlike other artery-vein combinations they will not share the same opening - the opthalmic artery is in the optic canal, - the opthalmic veins are in the superior orbital fissure

Question 46

The maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve exits the middle fossa via which opening?

Answer 46

the foramen rotundum

Question 47

What are the contents of the foramen ovale?

Answer 47

the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (Vc) and lesser petrosal branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve

Question 48

What are the contents of the foramen spinosum?

Answer 48

the nervus spinosus from the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve and the middle meningeal artery

Question 49

What opening allows a branch of cranial nerve Vc to enter the middle cranial fossa from the infratemporal region?

Answer 49

the foramen spinosum Vc = mandibular division trigeminal nerve

Question 50

Which vessel is located within the foramen spinosum?

Answer 50

the middle meningeal artery

Question 51

What will the foramen lacerum communicate with in the living person?

Answer 51

it crosses between parts of the middle cranial fossa; it is NOT a major exit from the skull as would be suggested by the dry skull

Question 52

What are the contents of the foramen lacerum?

Answer 52

- the internal carotid artery, - the carotid sympathetic nerve plexus, - and a venous plexus

Question 53

What are the contents of the carotid canal?

Answer 53

the internal carotid artery and the carotid sympathetic nerve plexus

Question 54

What are the contents of the hiatus for the greater (superficial) petrosal nerve?

Answer 54

the greater (superficial) petrosal nerve, a branch of the facial nerve

Question 55

What are the contents of the vidian canal/pterygoid canal?

Answer 55

the vidian nerve or the nerve of the pterygoid canal

Question 56

What are the contents of the hiatus for the lesser petrosal nerve?

Answer 56

the lesser petrosal nerve, a branch of the tympanic plexus from the glossopharyngeal nerve

Question 57

What forms the roof of the posterior cranial fossa?

Answer 57

the tentorium cerebelli

Question 58

What part of the cerebrum occupies the posterior cranial fossa?

Answer 58

none; the tentrium cerebelli separates the cerebrum into a space above the posterior cranial fossa

Question 59

What part of the central nerve system occupies the posterior cranial fossa?

Answer 59

the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata

Question 60

What bony feature is prominent in the median plane of the posterior cranial fossa?

Answer 60

the clivus or basilar part of the occipital bone

Question 61

Which cranial nerves exit posterior cranial fossa ostia?

Answer 61

cranial nerve VII (facial), VIII (vestibulocochlear/auditory), IX (glossopharyngeal), X (vagus), XI (spinal accessory), and XII (hypoglossal)

Question 62

Meningeal nerves in the foramen magnum are derived from which cord levels?

Answer 62

C1-C3 cord levels

Question 63

What are the contents of the internal acoustic meatus?

Answer 63

- cranial nerves VII (facial nerve) and VIII (vesitbulocochlear/auditory nerve, - the nervus intermedius/nerve of Wrisberg/sensory root of VII and the motor root of VII, - the vestibular and cochlear roots of VII, - and the internal auditory/internal labyrinthine artery and vein

Question 64

What are the contents of the jugular foramen?

Answer 64

- the jugular bulb, - the inferior petrosal sinus, - the tympanic body/tympanic glomus or jugular body/jugular glomus, - cranial nerves IX (glossopharyngeal), X (vagus), and XI (spinal accessory)

Question 65

What is the jugular bulb?

Answer 65

the venous expansion between the sigmoid dural venous sinus and the internal jugular vein

Question 66

What is the jugular body/jugular glomus?

Answer 66

a chemoreceptive organ located in the wall of the jugular bulb

Question 67

What is the function of the jugular body/jugular glomus?

Answer 67

a chemoreceptive organ that monitors hypoxia, hypercapnia, and increases in the hydrogen ion

Question 68

What is the function of the tympanic body/tympanic glomus?

Answer 68

a chemoreceptive organ that monitors hypoxia, hypercapnia, and increases in the hydrogen ion

Question 69

What cranial nerve(s) are located within the hypoglossal canal?

Answer 69

cranial nerve XII (hypoglossal)

Question 70

What are the contents of the condylar canal?

Answer 70

an emissary vein connecting the sigmoid dural venous sinus and the vertebral venous plexus