Spinal Final: Section XV. The Head Flashcards
What part of the skull is derived from endochondral ossification?
chondrocranium
What bones are formed from the chondrocranium?
the inferior nasal concha, ethmoid, and the remainder of the manidble, sphenoid, temporal, and occipital bone
Which skull bones are ossified by both endochondral an intramembranous ossification?
the mandible, sphenoid, temporal, and occipital bones
Which bones of the appendicular skeleton is formed by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?
the clavicle
What is the cranium?
the skull minus the mandible
What is the calvaria?
the skullcap
What bones form the neurocranium?
frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid (“PEST OF”)
What bones form the facial skeleton?
mandible, vomer, nasal, maxilla, lacrimal, inferior nasal concha, palatine, and zygomatic
What are the four subclassifications of synarthrosis joints based on Latin groupings?
suture, gomphosis, schindylesis, and syndesmosis
What are the characteristics of sutura vera (true sutures)?
sutures demonstrating interlocking of the adjacent bone surfaces; typically formed by intramembranous ossification
What are the characteristics of sutura notha (false sutures)?
sutures lacking interlocking of adjacent bone surfaces; typically formed by endochondral ossificaiton
What is the classification of a joint with a “nail-like” condition?
gomphosis
What is the classification of a joint with a “fissure-like” condition?
schindylesis
What are the examples of schindylesis type of suture?
sphenoid - ethmoid - vomer articulation,
the palatine - maxilla - vomer articulation
What are the examples of the gomphosis joint?
maxilla - root of tooth; manidble - root of tooth
What ligament will be associated with gomphosis?
periodontal ligament
What is the diamond shaped remnant of developing membrane bone at the intersection of the frontal bone with both parietal bones?
the anterior fontanelle
What is the diamond shaped remnant of developing membrane bone at the intersection of the occipital bone and both parietal bones?
the posterior fontanelle
What is the glabella?
the elevation of the bone over the frontal sinus between the oribits
What is the name given to the indication of the bone between the nasal and frontal bones?
nasion
What is the name given to the outline of the nasal cavity at the front of the skull?
piriform aperture
What is the name given to the alveolar jugum of the canine tooth in the maxilla?
canine eminence
What depression of the maxilla occurs lateral to the canine eminence?
the canine fossa
What depression of the maxilla occurs medial to the canine eminence?
the incisive fossa
What forms a bullet-like chin?
a large mental protuberance
What forms an indented chin?
well developed bilateral mental tubercles and a slight mental protuberance
What is the tip of the external occipital protuberance called?
the inion
What bones form the pterion?
parietal, temporal, sphenoid, and frontal bones
What bones form the asterion?
parietal, temporal, and occipital bone
The styloid process is a feature on which bone?
temporal bone
What points on the skull are used to measure the skull size?
the nasion, vertex, inion, and gnathion
What points on the skull are used to measure cranial vault capacity?
he nasion, vertex, and inion
What is the appearance of the suture intersections over the hard palate called?
the cruciate or cruciform suture
What is the posterior boundary of the anterior cranial fossa?
a line drawn along the lesser wing of the sphenoid, anterior clinoid processes, and sphenoidal jugum
What ostia are observed in the anterior cranial fossa?
cribiform plate, anterior and posterior ethmoid foramina, and foramen cecum
What passes through the cribiform plate?
fila olfactoria of cranial nerve I, the olfactory nerve
An emissary vein leaves the anterior cranial fossa via what opening?
foramen cecum
What are the boundaries for the middle cranial fossa?
anterior: lesser wings, anterior clinoid processes, and sphenoidal jugum of sphenoid bone
posterior: superior border of petrous part of temporal bone, posterior clinoid processes, and dorsum sella of sphenoid bone
What bony feature is prominent in the median plane of the middle cranial fossa?
sella turcica
What forms the roof of the sella turcica?
diaphragm sella
What neural structure occupies the sella turcica?
hypophysis cerebri or pituitary gland
What are the contents of the optic canal?
the optic nerve and opthalmic atery
What are the contents of the superior orbital fissure?
the opthalmic veins, the oculomotor nerve, the trochlear nerve, the opthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve, and the abducent nerve
Which single opening will allow the exit of the greatest number of cranial nerves?
the superior orbital fissure
What is unique about the opthalmic artery and veins?
unlike other artery-vein combinations they will not share the same opening
- the opthalmic artery is in the optic canal,
- the opthalmic veins are in the superior orbital fissure
The maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve exits the middle fossa via which opening?
the foramen rotundum
What are the contents of the foramen ovale?
the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (Vc) and lesser petrosal branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve
What are the contents of the foramen spinosum?
the nervus spinosus from the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve and the middle meningeal artery
What opening allows a branch of cranial nerve Vc to enter the middle cranial fossa from the infratemporal region?
the foramen spinosum
Vc = mandibular division trigeminal nerve
Which vessel is located within the foramen spinosum?
the middle meningeal artery
What will the foramen lacerum communicate with in the living person?
it crosses between parts of the middle cranial fossa; it is NOT a major exit from the skull as would be suggested by the dry skull
What are the contents of the foramen lacerum?
- the internal carotid artery,
- the carotid sympathetic nerve plexus,
- and a venous plexus
What are the contents of the carotid canal?
the internal carotid artery and the carotid sympathetic nerve plexus
What are the contents of the hiatus for the greater (superficial) petrosal nerve?
the greater (superficial) petrosal nerve, a branch of the facial nerve
What are the contents of the vidian canal/pterygoid canal?
the vidian nerve or the nerve of the pterygoid canal
What are the contents of the hiatus for the lesser petrosal nerve?
the lesser petrosal nerve, a branch of the tympanic plexus from the glossopharyngeal nerve
What forms the roof of the posterior cranial fossa?
the tentorium cerebelli
What part of the cerebrum occupies the posterior cranial fossa?
none; the tentrium cerebelli separates the cerebrum into a space above the posterior cranial fossa
What part of the central nerve system occupies the posterior cranial fossa?
the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata
What bony feature is prominent in the median plane of the posterior cranial fossa?
the clivus or basilar part of the occipital bone
Which cranial nerves exit posterior cranial fossa ostia?
cranial nerve VII (facial), VIII (vestibulocochlear/auditory), IX (glossopharyngeal), X (vagus), XI (spinal accessory), and XII (hypoglossal)
Meningeal nerves in the foramen magnum are derived from which cord levels?
C1-C3 cord levels
What are the contents of the internal acoustic meatus?
- cranial nerves VII (facial nerve) and VIII (vesitbulocochlear/auditory nerve,
- the nervus intermedius/nerve of Wrisberg/sensory root of VII and the motor root of VII,
- the vestibular and cochlear roots of VII,
- and the internal auditory/internal labyrinthine artery and vein
What are the contents of the jugular foramen?
- the jugular bulb,
- the inferior petrosal sinus,
- the tympanic body/tympanic glomus or jugular body/jugular glomus,
- cranial nerves IX (glossopharyngeal), X (vagus), and XI (spinal accessory)
What is the jugular bulb?
the venous expansion between the sigmoid dural venous sinus and the internal jugular vein
What is the jugular body/jugular glomus?
a chemoreceptive organ located in the wall of the jugular bulb
What is the function of the jugular body/jugular glomus?
a chemoreceptive organ that monitors hypoxia, hypercapnia, and increases in the hydrogen ion
What is the function of the tympanic body/tympanic glomus?
a chemoreceptive organ that monitors hypoxia, hypercapnia, and increases in the hydrogen ion
What cranial nerve(s) are located within the hypoglossal canal?
cranial nerve XII (hypoglossal)
What are the contents of the condylar canal?
an emissary vein connecting the sigmoid dural venous sinus and the vertebral venous plexus
