Spinal Exam 1: Unit III (pg.8-16) Flashcards
III. Vertebral Column/Spinal Column
What is the number of vertebrae in a typical adolescent?
33 segments
What is the number of vertebrae in the typical adult?
26 segments
What is the number of vertebrae in the typical spine?
24 segments
What constitutes the spine?
the 24 presacral segments; the cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae
How many segments unite to form the typical sacrum?
5 segments
How many segments unite to form the typical coccyx?
4 segments
What does the term “cervical” refer to?
the region of the neck
What is the typical number of segments in the cervical region?
7 segments
What does the term “thoracic” refer to?
breast plate or chest; it referred to the armor bearing region of the torso
What other term is often used to identify the vertebral segments of the chest?
the dorsal segments; the dorsals
What is the typical number of segments in the dorsal or thoracic region?
12 segments
What does the term, “lumber” refer to?
the loin; the region between the rib and the hip
What is the typical number of segments in the lumbar region?
5 segments
What does the term “sacrum” refer to?
the holy bone or holy region
What does the term “coccyx” refer to?
a cuckoo birds’ bill or cuckoo birds’ beak
What region of the spine is more stable in terms of the number of segments/vertebrae?
the cervical region
What is the length of a typical male spinal column?
about 70 centimeters or 28 inches
What is the length of a typical female spinal column?
about 60 centimeters or 25 inches
What is the difference in length b/w a typical male and typical female spinal column?
about 3 inches
What is the length of the male cervical region (both measurements)?
about 12 centimeters or 5 inches
What is the length of the male thoracic region (both measurements)?
about 28 centimeters or 11 inches
What is the length of the male lumbar region (both measurements)?
about 18 centimeters or 7 inches
What is the length of the male sacrum (both measurements)?
about 12 centimeters or 5 inches
Based on the numbers for individual regions of the vertebral column, what is the length of the male spine (both measurements)?
about 58 centimeters or 23 inches
How does the vertebral column participate in protection of neural tissues?
the spinal cord and beginning PNS are located within the vertebral segments
How does the vertebral column participate in protection of the viscera?
ribs are attached to vertebrae to form the thorax thus protecting the heart and lungs
What parts of the body are supported by the vertebral column?
the head, upper extremities, ribs, viscera, and pelvis
How does the vertebral column participate in skeletal formation?
ribs are formed from the costal process of the embryonic vertebral template
What levels of the vertebral column specifically accommodate weigh-bearing transfer?
S1-S3 at the auricular surface
Distinguish between motion and locomotion.
motion is movement without travel
locomotion is movement to a new site or location
What is specifically responsible for shape and position of the human frame?
comparative anterior vs. posterior height of the vertebral body
and
comparative anterior vs. posterior height of the intervertebral disc
How does the vertebral column accommodate transmission?
the peripheral nerve communicates with the cranial nerve system via the intervertebral foramen
What organ(s) is (are) specifically associated with the horizontal axis of the skull?
the eye and the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear
How is the vertebral column involved in stabilization of visceral function?
integrity of the spinal column enhances appropriate nerve system control of viscera
When does the embryonic disc form?
second week in utero
when does gastrulation occur or a 3-layered embryo form?
third week in utero
What are the 3 layers of the embryo called?
ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
Invagination of ectoderm along the primitive streak gives rise to what embryonic structure?
notochord
What is the name given to the mesoderm that will given rise to the vertebral column?
paraxial mesoderm
What does mesoderm give rise to that will form the vertebral column?
somites
Name the areas of cellular differentiation formed within the somite.
sclerotome, myotome, and dermatome
What part of the somite will give rise to the vertebral column?
sclerotome
List, in order, the names of the successive vertebral columns formed during development?
membranous, cartilaginous, skeletal or osseous
Migration of sclerotome to surround the notochord forms what developmental feature?
the perichordral blastema
The perichordal blastema gives rise to what processes?
neural processes and costal processes
What is the name of the artery located between adjacent perichordal blastema?
intersegmental artery
Cell proliferation within the perichordal blastema will result in what features?
a loose cranial sclerotomite and a dense caudal sclerotomite
What forrms between the sclerotomites of a perichordal blastema?
the intrasclerotomal fissure (fissure of von Ebner)
The intrasclerotomal fissue (fissure of von Ebner) gives rise to what developmental feature?
the perichordal disc
The perichordal disc is the presumptive location of what adult feature?
the intervertebral disc
What is the earilist embryonic feature that will identify the position of the adult intervertebral disc?
the intrasclerotomal fissure (fissure of con Ebner)
The union of a dense caudal sclerotomite and a loose cranial sclerotomite from adjacent perichordal blastema gives rise to what feature?
the vertebral blastema
What vessel will be identified adjacent to the vertebral blastema?
the segmental artery
When will cartilage first form in the membranous vertebral blastema?
beginning in the 6th embryonic week
What is the name given to the replacement of mesoderm by cartilage?
chrondrification
Chondrification is first identified in which region of the embryonic vertebral column?
the cervical region
What are the names given to the centers of chondrification within the vertebral blastema?
centrum center, neural arch center, transverse process center
How many centers of chondrification typically appear in the vertebral blastema?
six…2 for the centrum, 2 for the neural arch, 2 for each transverse process
What is the earliest time that centers of ossification appear in the cartilaginous vertebra?
during the 7th embryonic week
Ossification begins in which region of the embryonic vertebral column?
the lower cervical-upper thoracic region
What is the name given to centers of ossification base don time of appearance?
primary centers appear in utero, secondary centers appear after birth
What is the ratio of primary to secondary centers of ossification for a typical vertebrae?
3 primary centers; 5 secondary centers
What are the names of the primary centers of ossification for a typical vertebra?
centrum centers and neural arch centers
How many primary centers of ossification appear in the typical vertebra?
three…1 for the centrum, 2 for the neural arches
What is the classification of the joint forming between primary centers of ossification?
cartilage synchondrosis/amphiarthrosis synchondrosis
What are the names of the synchondroses forming between primary centers of ossification in the typical vertebra?
neurocentral synchondrosis and neural arch synchondrosis
What are the names of the 5 secondary centers of ossification for a typical vertebra?
tip of the transverse process, tip of the spinous process, epiphyseal plate centers
How many secondary centers of ossification appear in the typical vertebra?
five…
1 for the tip of each transverse process,
1 for the tip of the spinous process,
1 for each epiphyseal plate
What is the classification of the joint forming between secondary centers of ossification and the rest of the typical vertebra?
cartilage synchondrosis/ amphiarthrosis synchondrosis
What are the names of the synchondroses forming between secondary centers of ossification and the rest of the typical vertebra?
tip of the transverse process synchondrosis, tip of the spinous process synchondrosis, and epiphyseal ring synchondrosis
What is the randge of appearance for secondary centers of ossification of a typical vertebra?
during puberty, typically ages 11-16 years old
What are the three basic osseous parts of a vertebra?
the vertebral body, vertebral arch, and the apophyseal regions
What is formed by the vertebral body and vertebral arch?
the vertebral foramen
What is the general shape of the vertebral body at each region of the spine?
cervical - rectangular
thoracic -triangular
lumbar - reniform
What is the name given to the compact bone at the superior and inferior surfaces of the vertebral body?
superior epiphyseal rim, inferior epiphyseal rim
What is the central region at the superior and inferior surfaces of the vertebral body called?
cancellous of spongy bone
What is the name given to the cartilage found at the superior and inferior surface of a developing vertebral body?
superior epiphyseal plate, inferior epiphyseal plate
What are the names of the openings found around the margins of the vertebral body?
nutrient foramina or vascular foramina
What large opening is usually observed at the back of the vertebral body?
the basivertebral venous foramen
What is the name of the vessel entering the nutrient or vascular foramen?
osseous artery
What is the name given to the large vessel exiting the back of the vertebral body?
the basivertebral vein
What is the semicircular region of bone attached to he back of the vertebral body called?
the vertebral arch
What is the name given to the anterior part of the vertebral arch?
the pedicle
What is the name given to the posterior part of the vertebral arch?
the lamina
What is the name of the feature located at the upper and lower surfaces of the pedicle?
the superior vertebral notch or superior vertebral incisure;
the inferior vertebral notch or inferior vertebral incisure
What is the generic orientation of the pedicle at each region of the spine?
cervical - posterolateral
thoracic - posterior, slight lateral
lumbar - posterior
All lamina are orientate in what direction?
posterior and median
What is the name given to the overlap of laminae seen on X-ray?
shingling
What ligament will attach to the lamina?
the ligamentum flavum
What is the name given to abnormal bone at the attachment site of the ligamentum flavum?
para-articular process
What classification of bone will para-articular processes represent?
accessory bone
What is the name given to the lamina - pedicle junction at each region of the spine?
cervical - articular pillar
thoracic and lumbar - pars interarticularis
What is the name given to the junction of the vertebral arch - spinous process on lateral X-ray?
the spinolaminar junction
What is the name given to the tubular bone growth regions of the vertebral arch?
the apophyseal regions
What names may be given to each apophysis of the spine?
the transverse apophysis or transverse process
articular apophysis or articular process
spinous apophysis or spinous process
What is the generic orientation of the transverse process or transverse apophysis at each region of the spine?
cervical - anterolateral
thoracic - posterolateral
lumbar - lateral
All non-rib-bearing vertebra of the spine retain what equivalent feature?
the costal element
What is the name given to the rounded elevation at the end of the transverse apophysis or transverse process?
the transverse tubercle
What will cause the transverse process/transverse apophysis to alter its initial direction in the cervical region?
cervical spinal nerves are pulled forward and downward to form the cervical and brachial nerve plexuses thus remodeling the transverse process to accommodate their new position
What will cause the transverse process/transverse apophysis to alter its initial direction in the thoracic region?
the growth of the lungs remodel the shape of the ribs which in turn push the transverse processes backward
What will the articular process/articular apophysis support?
the articular facet
What is the name given to the joint formed between articular facets of a vertebral couple?
the zygapophysis
What is the name given to the bone surface at the front of a zygapophysis?
the superior articular facet
What is the name given to the bone surface at the back of a zygapophysis?
the inferior articular facet
What names are given to the parts of the vertebra which supports the front of the zygapohpysis? (3)
the superior articular apophysis, the superior articular process, or the pre-zygapophysis
What names are given to the parts of the vertebra which supports the back of the zygapophysis?
the inferior articular apophysis, the inferior articular process, or the post-zygapophysis
In the vertebral couple, the part of the vertebra which lies anterior to the zygapophysis is called the _____.
pre-zygapophysis
In the vertebral couple, the part of the vertebra which lies posterior to the zygapophysis is called the ____.
post-zygapophysis
What is the name given to the part of the vertebra forming the pre-zygapophysis?
the superior articular process or superior articular apophysis
What is the name given to the part of the vertebra forming the post-zygapophysis?
the inferior articular articular process or inferior articular apophysis
What is the method of calculating the angle of the spinous process/apophysis?
calculate the angle formed between the under surface of the spinous process/spinous apophysis and the horizontal line
What is the name given to the normal overlap of spinous processes or spinous apophyses as seen on x-ray?
imbrication
What is the name given to the rounded elevation at the tip of the spinous process/spinous apophysis?
the spinous tubercle
What is the orientation of the spinous process/spinous apophysis at each region of the spine?
cervical - slight angle inferiorly
thoracic - noticeable angle inferiorly
lumbar - no inferior angle
What will form the posterior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen?
the inferior articular process/post-zygapophysis
the superior articular process/pre-zygapophysis
the capsular ligament
ligamentum flavum
What will form the superior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen?
the inferior vertebral notch or inferior vertebral incisure
What will form the inferior boundary of a typical intervertebral incisure?
the superior vertebral notch or the superior vertebral incisure
What will form the anterior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen?
the vertebral body of the segment above
the vertebral body of the segment below
the intervertebral disc
the posterior longitudinal ligament
