Spinal Exam 1: Unit III (pg.8-16) Flashcards
III. Vertebral Column/Spinal Column
1
Q
What is the number of vertebrae in a typical adolescent?
A
33 segments
2
Q
What is the number of vertebrae in the typical adult?
A
26 segments
3
Q
What is the number of vertebrae in the typical spine?
A
24 segments
4
Q
What constitutes the spine?
A
the 24 presacral segments; the cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae
5
Q
How many segments unite to form the typical sacrum?
A
5 segments
6
Q
How many segments unite to form the typical coccyx?
A
4 segments
7
Q
What does the term “cervical” refer to?
A
the region of the neck
8
Q
What is the typical number of segments in the cervical region?
A
7 segments
9
Q
What does the term “thoracic” refer to?
A
breast plate or chest; it referred to the armor bearing region of the torso
10
Q
What other term is often used to identify the vertebral segments of the chest?
A
the dorsal segments; the dorsals
11
Q
What is the typical number of segments in the dorsal or thoracic region?
A
12 segments
12
Q
What does the term, “lumber” refer to?
A
the loin; the region between the rib and the hip
13
Q
What is the typical number of segments in the lumbar region?
A
5 segments
14
Q
What does the term “sacrum” refer to?
A
the holy bone or holy region
15
Q
What does the term “coccyx” refer to?
A
a cuckoo birds’ bill or cuckoo birds’ beak
16
Q
What region of the spine is more stable in terms of the number of segments/vertebrae?
A
the cervical region
17
Q
What is the length of a typical male spinal column?
A
about 70 centimeters or 28 inches
18
Q
What is the length of a typical female spinal column?
A
about 60 centimeters or 25 inches
19
Q
What is the difference in length b/w a typical male and typical female spinal column?
A
about 3 inches
20
Q
What is the length of the male cervical region (both measurements)?
A
about 12 centimeters or 5 inches
21
Q
What is the length of the male thoracic region (both measurements)?
A
about 28 centimeters or 11 inches
22
Q
What is the length of the male lumbar region (both measurements)?
A
about 18 centimeters or 7 inches
23
Q
What is the length of the male sacrum (both measurements)?
A
about 12 centimeters or 5 inches
24
Q
Based on the numbers for individual regions of the vertebral column, what is the length of the male spine (both measurements)?
A
about 58 centimeters or 23 inches
25
How does the vertebral column participate in protection of neural tissues?
the spinal cord and beginning PNS are located within the vertebral segments
26
How does the vertebral column participate in protection of the viscera?
ribs are attached to vertebrae to form the thorax thus protecting the heart and lungs
27
What parts of the body are supported by the vertebral column?
the head, upper extremities, ribs, viscera, and pelvis
28
How does the vertebral column participate in skeletal formation?
ribs are formed from the costal process of the embryonic vertebral template
29
What levels of the vertebral column specifically accommodate weigh-bearing transfer?
S1-S3 at the auricular surface
30
Distinguish between motion and locomotion.
motion is movement without travel
| locomotion is movement to a new site or location
31
What is specifically responsible for shape and position of the human frame?
comparative anterior vs. posterior height of the vertebral body
and
comparative anterior vs. posterior height of the intervertebral disc
32
How does the vertebral column accommodate transmission?
the peripheral nerve communicates with the cranial nerve system via the intervertebral foramen
33
What organ(s) is (are) specifically associated with the horizontal axis of the skull?
the eye and the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear
34
How is the vertebral column involved in stabilization of visceral function?
integrity of the spinal column enhances appropriate nerve system control of viscera
35
When does the embryonic disc form?
second week in utero
36
when does gastrulation occur or a 3-layered embryo form?
third week in utero
37
What are the 3 layers of the embryo called?
ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
38
Invagination of ectoderm along the primitive streak gives rise to what embryonic structure?
notochord
39
What is the name given to the mesoderm that will given rise to the vertebral column?
paraxial mesoderm
40
What does mesoderm give rise to that will form the vertebral column?
somites
41
Name the areas of cellular differentiation formed within the somite.
sclerotome, myotome, and dermatome
42
What part of the somite will give rise to the vertebral column?
sclerotome
43
List, in order, the names of the successive vertebral columns formed during development?
membranous, cartilaginous, skeletal or osseous
44
Migration of sclerotome to surround the notochord forms what developmental feature?
the perichordral blastema
45
The perichordal blastema gives rise to what processes?
neural processes and costal processes
46
What is the name of the artery located between adjacent perichordal blastema?
intersegmental artery
47
Cell proliferation within the perichordal blastema will result in what features?
a loose cranial sclerotomite and a dense caudal sclerotomite
48
What forrms between the sclerotomites of a perichordal blastema?
the intrasclerotomal fissure (fissure of von Ebner)
49
The intrasclerotomal fissue (fissure of von Ebner) gives rise to what developmental feature?
the perichordal disc
50
The perichordal disc is the presumptive location of what adult feature?
the intervertebral disc
51
What is the earilist embryonic feature that will identify the position of the adult intervertebral disc?
the intrasclerotomal fissure (fissure of con Ebner)
52
The union of a dense caudal sclerotomite and a loose cranial sclerotomite from adjacent perichordal blastema gives rise to what feature?
the vertebral blastema
53
What vessel will be identified adjacent to the vertebral blastema?
the segmental artery
54
When will cartilage first form in the membranous vertebral blastema?
beginning in the 6th embryonic week
55
What is the name given to the replacement of mesoderm by cartilage?
chrondrification
56
Chondrification is first identified in which region of the embryonic vertebral column?
the cervical region
57
What are the names given to the centers of chondrification within the vertebral blastema?
centrum center, neural arch center, transverse process center
58
How many centers of chondrification typically appear in the vertebral blastema?
six...2 for the centrum, 2 for the neural arch, 2 for each transverse process
59
What is the earliest time that centers of ossification appear in the cartilaginous vertebra?
during the 7th embryonic week
60
Ossification begins in which region of the embryonic vertebral column?
the lower cervical-upper thoracic region
61
What is the name given to centers of ossification base don time of appearance?
primary centers appear in utero, secondary centers appear after birth
62
What is the ratio of primary to secondary centers of ossification for a typical vertebrae?
3 primary centers; 5 secondary centers
63
What are the names of the primary centers of ossification for a typical vertebra?
centrum centers and neural arch centers
64
How many primary centers of ossification appear in the typical vertebra?
three...1 for the centrum, 2 for the neural arches
65
What is the classification of the joint forming between primary centers of ossification?
cartilage synchondrosis/amphiarthrosis synchondrosis
66
What are the names of the synchondroses forming between primary centers of ossification in the typical vertebra?
neurocentral synchondrosis and neural arch synchondrosis
67
What are the names of the 5 secondary centers of ossification for a typical vertebra?
tip of the transverse process, tip of the spinous process, epiphyseal plate centers
68
How many secondary centers of ossification appear in the typical vertebra?
five...
1 for the tip of each transverse process,
1 for the tip of the spinous process,
1 for each epiphyseal plate
69
What is the classification of the joint forming between secondary centers of ossification and the rest of the typical vertebra?
cartilage synchondrosis/ amphiarthrosis synchondrosis
70
What are the names of the synchondroses forming between secondary centers of ossification and the rest of the typical vertebra?
tip of the transverse process synchondrosis, tip of the spinous process synchondrosis, and epiphyseal ring synchondrosis
71
What is the randge of appearance for secondary centers of ossification of a typical vertebra?
during puberty, typically ages 11-16 years old
72
What are the three basic osseous parts of a vertebra?
the vertebral body, vertebral arch, and the apophyseal regions
73
What is formed by the vertebral body and vertebral arch?
the vertebral foramen
74
What is the general shape of the vertebral body at each region of the spine?
cervical - rectangular
thoracic -triangular
lumbar - reniform
75
What is the name given to the compact bone at the superior and inferior surfaces of the vertebral body?
superior epiphyseal rim, inferior epiphyseal rim
76
What is the central region at the superior and inferior surfaces of the vertebral body called?
cancellous of spongy bone
77
What is the name given to the cartilage found at the superior and inferior surface of a developing vertebral body?
superior epiphyseal plate, inferior epiphyseal plate
78
What are the names of the openings found around the margins of the vertebral body?
nutrient foramina or vascular foramina
79
What large opening is usually observed at the back of the vertebral body?
the basivertebral venous foramen
80
What is the name of the vessel entering the nutrient or vascular foramen?
osseous artery
81
What is the name given to the large vessel exiting the back of the vertebral body?
the basivertebral vein
82
What is the semicircular region of bone attached to he back of the vertebral body called?
the vertebral arch
83
What is the name given to the anterior part of the vertebral arch?
the pedicle
84
What is the name given to the posterior part of the vertebral arch?
the lamina
85
What is the name of the feature located at the upper and lower surfaces of the pedicle?
the superior vertebral notch or superior vertebral incisure;
| the inferior vertebral notch or inferior vertebral incisure
86
What is the generic orientation of the pedicle at each region of the spine?
cervical - posterolateral
thoracic - posterior, slight lateral
lumbar - posterior
87
All lamina are orientate in what direction?
posterior and median
88
What is the name given to the overlap of laminae seen on X-ray?
shingling
89
What ligament will attach to the lamina?
the ligamentum flavum
90
What is the name given to abnormal bone at the attachment site of the ligamentum flavum?
para-articular process
91
What classification of bone will para-articular processes represent?
accessory bone
92
What is the name given to the lamina - pedicle junction at each region of the spine?
cervical - articular pillar
| thoracic and lumbar - pars interarticularis
93
What is the name given to the junction of the vertebral arch - spinous process on lateral X-ray?
the spinolaminar junction
94
What is the name given to the tubular bone growth regions of the vertebral arch?
the apophyseal regions
95
What names may be given to each apophysis of the spine?
the transverse apophysis or transverse process
articular apophysis or articular process
spinous apophysis or spinous process
96
What is the generic orientation of the transverse process or transverse apophysis at each region of the spine?
cervical - anterolateral
thoracic - posterolateral
lumbar - lateral
97
All non-rib-bearing vertebra of the spine retain what equivalent feature?
the costal element
98
What is the name given to the rounded elevation at the end of the transverse apophysis or transverse process?
the transverse tubercle
99
What will cause the transverse process/transverse apophysis to alter its initial direction in the cervical region?
cervical spinal nerves are pulled forward and downward to form the cervical and brachial nerve plexuses thus remodeling the transverse process to accommodate their new position
100
What will cause the transverse process/transverse apophysis to alter its initial direction in the thoracic region?
the growth of the lungs remodel the shape of the ribs which in turn push the transverse processes backward
101
What will the articular process/articular apophysis support?
the articular facet
102
What is the name given to the joint formed between articular facets of a vertebral couple?
the zygapophysis
103
What is the name given to the bone surface at the front of a zygapophysis?
the superior articular facet
104
What is the name given to the bone surface at the back of a zygapophysis?
the inferior articular facet
105
What names are given to the parts of the vertebra which supports the front of the zygapohpysis? (3)
the superior articular apophysis, the superior articular process, or the pre-zygapophysis
106
What names are given to the parts of the vertebra which supports the back of the zygapophysis?
the inferior articular apophysis, the inferior articular process, or the post-zygapophysis
107
In the vertebral couple, the part of the vertebra which lies anterior to the zygapophysis is called the _____.
pre-zygapophysis
108
In the vertebral couple, the part of the vertebra which lies posterior to the zygapophysis is called the ____.
post-zygapophysis
109
What is the name given to the part of the vertebra forming the pre-zygapophysis?
the superior articular process or superior articular apophysis
110
What is the name given to the part of the vertebra forming the post-zygapophysis?
the inferior articular articular process or inferior articular apophysis
111
What is the method of calculating the angle of the spinous process/apophysis?
calculate the angle formed between the under surface of the spinous process/spinous apophysis and the horizontal line
112
What is the name given to the normal overlap of spinous processes or spinous apophyses as seen on x-ray?
imbrication
113
What is the name given to the rounded elevation at the tip of the spinous process/spinous apophysis?
the spinous tubercle
114
What is the orientation of the spinous process/spinous apophysis at each region of the spine?
cervical - slight angle inferiorly
thoracic - noticeable angle inferiorly
lumbar - no inferior angle
115
What will form the posterior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen?
the inferior articular process/post-zygapophysis
the superior articular process/pre-zygapophysis
the capsular ligament
ligamentum flavum
116
What will form the superior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen?
the inferior vertebral notch or inferior vertebral incisure
117
What will form the inferior boundary of a typical intervertebral incisure?
the superior vertebral notch or the superior vertebral incisure
118
What will form the anterior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen?
the vertebral body of the segment above
the vertebral body of the segment below
the intervertebral disc
the posterior longitudinal ligament
