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Spinal Anatomy -- Morter > Spinal Exam 1: Unit III (pg.8-16) > Flashcards

Spinal Exam 1: Unit III (pg.8-16) Flashcards

III. Vertebral Column/Spinal Column

1
Q

What is the number of vertebrae in a typical adolescent?

A

33 segments

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2
Q

What is the number of vertebrae in the typical adult?

A

26 segments

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3
Q

What is the number of vertebrae in the typical spine?

A

24 segments

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4
Q

What constitutes the spine?

A

the 24 presacral segments; the cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae

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5
Q

How many segments unite to form the typical sacrum?

A

5 segments

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6
Q

How many segments unite to form the typical coccyx?

A

4 segments

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7
Q

What does the term “cervical” refer to?

A

the region of the neck

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8
Q

What is the typical number of segments in the cervical region?

A

7 segments

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9
Q

What does the term “thoracic” refer to?

A

breast plate or chest; it referred to the armor bearing region of the torso

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10
Q

What other term is often used to identify the vertebral segments of the chest?

A

the dorsal segments; the dorsals

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11
Q

What is the typical number of segments in the dorsal or thoracic region?

A

12 segments

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12
Q

What does the term, “lumber” refer to?

A

the loin; the region between the rib and the hip

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13
Q

What is the typical number of segments in the lumbar region?

A

5 segments

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14
Q

What does the term “sacrum” refer to?

A

the holy bone or holy region

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15
Q

What does the term “coccyx” refer to?

A

a cuckoo birds’ bill or cuckoo birds’ beak

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16
Q

What region of the spine is more stable in terms of the number of segments/vertebrae?

A

the cervical region

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17
Q

What is the length of a typical male spinal column?

A

about 70 centimeters or 28 inches

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18
Q

What is the length of a typical female spinal column?

A

about 60 centimeters or 25 inches

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19
Q

What is the difference in length b/w a typical male and typical female spinal column?

A

about 3 inches

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20
Q

What is the length of the male cervical region (both measurements)?

A

about 12 centimeters or 5 inches

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21
Q

What is the length of the male thoracic region (both measurements)?

A

about 28 centimeters or 11 inches

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22
Q

What is the length of the male lumbar region (both measurements)?

A

about 18 centimeters or 7 inches

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23
Q

What is the length of the male sacrum (both measurements)?

A

about 12 centimeters or 5 inches

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24
Q

Based on the numbers for individual regions of the vertebral column, what is the length of the male spine (both measurements)?

A

about 58 centimeters or 23 inches

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25
Q

How does the vertebral column participate in protection of neural tissues?

A

the spinal cord and beginning PNS are located within the vertebral segments

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26
Q

How does the vertebral column participate in protection of the viscera?

A

ribs are attached to vertebrae to form the thorax thus protecting the heart and lungs

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27
Q

What parts of the body are supported by the vertebral column?

A

the head, upper extremities, ribs, viscera, and pelvis

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28
Q

How does the vertebral column participate in skeletal formation?

A

ribs are formed from the costal process of the embryonic vertebral template

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29
Q

What levels of the vertebral column specifically accommodate weigh-bearing transfer?

A

S1-S3 at the auricular surface

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30
Q

Distinguish between motion and locomotion.

A

motion is movement without travel

locomotion is movement to a new site or location

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31
Q

What is specifically responsible for shape and position of the human frame?

A

comparative anterior vs. posterior height of the vertebral body
and
comparative anterior vs. posterior height of the intervertebral disc

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32
Q

How does the vertebral column accommodate transmission?

A

the peripheral nerve communicates with the cranial nerve system via the intervertebral foramen

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33
Q

What organ(s) is (are) specifically associated with the horizontal axis of the skull?

A

the eye and the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear

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34
Q

How is the vertebral column involved in stabilization of visceral function?

A

integrity of the spinal column enhances appropriate nerve system control of viscera

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35
Q

When does the embryonic disc form?

A

second week in utero

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36
Q

when does gastrulation occur or a 3-layered embryo form?

A

third week in utero

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37
Q

What are the 3 layers of the embryo called?

A

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

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38
Q

Invagination of ectoderm along the primitive streak gives rise to what embryonic structure?

A

notochord

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39
Q

What is the name given to the mesoderm that will given rise to the vertebral column?

A

paraxial mesoderm

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40
Q

What does mesoderm give rise to that will form the vertebral column?

A

somites

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41
Q

Name the areas of cellular differentiation formed within the somite.

A

sclerotome, myotome, and dermatome

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42
Q

What part of the somite will give rise to the vertebral column?

A

sclerotome

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43
Q

List, in order, the names of the successive vertebral columns formed during development?

A

membranous, cartilaginous, skeletal or osseous

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44
Q

Migration of sclerotome to surround the notochord forms what developmental feature?

A

the perichordral blastema

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45
Q

The perichordal blastema gives rise to what processes?

A

neural processes and costal processes

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46
Q

What is the name of the artery located between adjacent perichordal blastema?

A

intersegmental artery

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47
Q

Cell proliferation within the perichordal blastema will result in what features?

A

a loose cranial sclerotomite and a dense caudal sclerotomite

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48
Q

What forrms between the sclerotomites of a perichordal blastema?

A

the intrasclerotomal fissure (fissure of von Ebner)

49
Q

The intrasclerotomal fissue (fissure of von Ebner) gives rise to what developmental feature?

A

the perichordal disc

50
Q

The perichordal disc is the presumptive location of what adult feature?

A

the intervertebral disc

51
Q

What is the earilist embryonic feature that will identify the position of the adult intervertebral disc?

A

the intrasclerotomal fissure (fissure of con Ebner)

52
Q

The union of a dense caudal sclerotomite and a loose cranial sclerotomite from adjacent perichordal blastema gives rise to what feature?

A

the vertebral blastema

53
Q

What vessel will be identified adjacent to the vertebral blastema?

A

the segmental artery

54
Q

When will cartilage first form in the membranous vertebral blastema?

A

beginning in the 6th embryonic week

55
Q

What is the name given to the replacement of mesoderm by cartilage?

A

chrondrification

56
Q

Chondrification is first identified in which region of the embryonic vertebral column?

A

the cervical region

57
Q

What are the names given to the centers of chondrification within the vertebral blastema?

A

centrum center, neural arch center, transverse process center

58
Q

How many centers of chondrification typically appear in the vertebral blastema?

A

six…2 for the centrum, 2 for the neural arch, 2 for each transverse process

59
Q

What is the earliest time that centers of ossification appear in the cartilaginous vertebra?

A

during the 7th embryonic week

60
Q

Ossification begins in which region of the embryonic vertebral column?

A

the lower cervical-upper thoracic region

61
Q

What is the name given to centers of ossification base don time of appearance?

A

primary centers appear in utero, secondary centers appear after birth

62
Q

What is the ratio of primary to secondary centers of ossification for a typical vertebrae?

A

3 primary centers; 5 secondary centers

63
Q

What are the names of the primary centers of ossification for a typical vertebra?

A

centrum centers and neural arch centers

64
Q

How many primary centers of ossification appear in the typical vertebra?

A

three…1 for the centrum, 2 for the neural arches

65
Q

What is the classification of the joint forming between primary centers of ossification?

A

cartilage synchondrosis/amphiarthrosis synchondrosis

66
Q

What are the names of the synchondroses forming between primary centers of ossification in the typical vertebra?

A

neurocentral synchondrosis and neural arch synchondrosis

67
Q

What are the names of the 5 secondary centers of ossification for a typical vertebra?

A

tip of the transverse process, tip of the spinous process, epiphyseal plate centers

68
Q

How many secondary centers of ossification appear in the typical vertebra?

A

five…
1 for the tip of each transverse process,
1 for the tip of the spinous process,
1 for each epiphyseal plate

69
Q

What is the classification of the joint forming between secondary centers of ossification and the rest of the typical vertebra?

A

cartilage synchondrosis/ amphiarthrosis synchondrosis

70
Q

What are the names of the synchondroses forming between secondary centers of ossification and the rest of the typical vertebra?

A

tip of the transverse process synchondrosis, tip of the spinous process synchondrosis, and epiphyseal ring synchondrosis

71
Q

What is the randge of appearance for secondary centers of ossification of a typical vertebra?

A

during puberty, typically ages 11-16 years old

72
Q

What are the three basic osseous parts of a vertebra?

A

the vertebral body, vertebral arch, and the apophyseal regions

73
Q

What is formed by the vertebral body and vertebral arch?

A

the vertebral foramen

74
Q

What is the general shape of the vertebral body at each region of the spine?

A

cervical - rectangular
thoracic -triangular
lumbar - reniform

75
Q

What is the name given to the compact bone at the superior and inferior surfaces of the vertebral body?

A

superior epiphyseal rim, inferior epiphyseal rim

76
Q

What is the central region at the superior and inferior surfaces of the vertebral body called?

A

cancellous of spongy bone

77
Q

What is the name given to the cartilage found at the superior and inferior surface of a developing vertebral body?

A

superior epiphyseal plate, inferior epiphyseal plate

78
Q

What are the names of the openings found around the margins of the vertebral body?

A

nutrient foramina or vascular foramina

79
Q

What large opening is usually observed at the back of the vertebral body?

A

the basivertebral venous foramen

80
Q

What is the name of the vessel entering the nutrient or vascular foramen?

A

osseous artery

81
Q

What is the name given to the large vessel exiting the back of the vertebral body?

A

the basivertebral vein

82
Q

What is the semicircular region of bone attached to he back of the vertebral body called?

A

the vertebral arch

83
Q

What is the name given to the anterior part of the vertebral arch?

A

the pedicle

84
Q

What is the name given to the posterior part of the vertebral arch?

A

the lamina

85
Q

What is the name of the feature located at the upper and lower surfaces of the pedicle?

A

the superior vertebral notch or superior vertebral incisure;

the inferior vertebral notch or inferior vertebral incisure

86
Q

What is the generic orientation of the pedicle at each region of the spine?

A

cervical - posterolateral
thoracic - posterior, slight lateral
lumbar - posterior

87
Q

All lamina are orientate in what direction?

A

posterior and median

88
Q

What is the name given to the overlap of laminae seen on X-ray?

A

shingling

89
Q

What ligament will attach to the lamina?

A

the ligamentum flavum

90
Q

What is the name given to abnormal bone at the attachment site of the ligamentum flavum?

A

para-articular process

91
Q

What classification of bone will para-articular processes represent?

A

accessory bone

92
Q

What is the name given to the lamina - pedicle junction at each region of the spine?

A

cervical - articular pillar

thoracic and lumbar - pars interarticularis

93
Q

What is the name given to the junction of the vertebral arch - spinous process on lateral X-ray?

A

the spinolaminar junction

94
Q

What is the name given to the tubular bone growth regions of the vertebral arch?

A

the apophyseal regions

95
Q

What names may be given to each apophysis of the spine?

A

the transverse apophysis or transverse process
articular apophysis or articular process
spinous apophysis or spinous process

96
Q

What is the generic orientation of the transverse process or transverse apophysis at each region of the spine?

A

cervical - anterolateral
thoracic - posterolateral
lumbar - lateral

97
Q

All non-rib-bearing vertebra of the spine retain what equivalent feature?

A

the costal element

98
Q

What is the name given to the rounded elevation at the end of the transverse apophysis or transverse process?

A

the transverse tubercle

99
Q

What will cause the transverse process/transverse apophysis to alter its initial direction in the cervical region?

A

cervical spinal nerves are pulled forward and downward to form the cervical and brachial nerve plexuses thus remodeling the transverse process to accommodate their new position

100
Q

What will cause the transverse process/transverse apophysis to alter its initial direction in the thoracic region?

A

the growth of the lungs remodel the shape of the ribs which in turn push the transverse processes backward

101
Q

What will the articular process/articular apophysis support?

A

the articular facet

102
Q

What is the name given to the joint formed between articular facets of a vertebral couple?

A

the zygapophysis

103
Q

What is the name given to the bone surface at the front of a zygapophysis?

A

the superior articular facet

104
Q

What is the name given to the bone surface at the back of a zygapophysis?

A

the inferior articular facet

105
Q

What names are given to the parts of the vertebra which supports the front of the zygapohpysis? (3)

A

the superior articular apophysis, the superior articular process, or the pre-zygapophysis

106
Q

What names are given to the parts of the vertebra which supports the back of the zygapophysis?

A

the inferior articular apophysis, the inferior articular process, or the post-zygapophysis

107
Q

In the vertebral couple, the part of the vertebra which lies anterior to the zygapophysis is called the _____.

A

pre-zygapophysis

108
Q

In the vertebral couple, the part of the vertebra which lies posterior to the zygapophysis is called the ____.

A

post-zygapophysis

109
Q

What is the name given to the part of the vertebra forming the pre-zygapophysis?

A

the superior articular process or superior articular apophysis

110
Q

What is the name given to the part of the vertebra forming the post-zygapophysis?

A

the inferior articular articular process or inferior articular apophysis

111
Q

What is the method of calculating the angle of the spinous process/apophysis?

A

calculate the angle formed between the under surface of the spinous process/spinous apophysis and the horizontal line

112
Q

What is the name given to the normal overlap of spinous processes or spinous apophyses as seen on x-ray?

A

imbrication

113
Q

What is the name given to the rounded elevation at the tip of the spinous process/spinous apophysis?

A

the spinous tubercle

114
Q

What is the orientation of the spinous process/spinous apophysis at each region of the spine?

A

cervical - slight angle inferiorly
thoracic - noticeable angle inferiorly
lumbar - no inferior angle

115
Q

What will form the posterior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen?

A

the inferior articular process/post-zygapophysis
the superior articular process/pre-zygapophysis
the capsular ligament
ligamentum flavum

116
Q

What will form the superior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen?

A

the inferior vertebral notch or inferior vertebral incisure

117
Q

What will form the inferior boundary of a typical intervertebral incisure?

A

the superior vertebral notch or the superior vertebral incisure

118
Q

What will form the anterior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen?

A

the vertebral body of the segment above
the vertebral body of the segment below
the intervertebral disc
the posterior longitudinal ligament

Spinal Anatomy -- Morter (21 decks)

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