Spinal Final: Sec. XV: The Scalp, Face, Orbit

Question 1

What can the five layers of the scalp spell?

Answer 1

Skin, Connective tissue, Aponeurosis, Loose Connective Tissue, Periosteum…SCALP

Question 2

What are the principal sources of blood to the scalp?

Answer 2

internal carotid and external carotid artery branches

Question 3

What veins drain the scalp?

Answer 3

superficial temporal, posterior auricular, occipital, and ophthalmic veins

Question 4

Which divisions of the trigeminal nerve receive sensory information from the scalp?

Answer 4

all 3 divisions; ophthalmic nerve, maxillary nerve, and mandibular nerve

Question 5

What part of the scalp is innervated by the ophthalmic division/branch of the trigeminal?

Answer 5

scalp above the orbit

Question 6

What part of the scalp is innervated by the maxillary division/branch of the trigeminal?

Answer 6

scalp above the zygomatic arch

Question 7

What part of the scalp is innervated by the mandibular divison/branch of the trigeminal?

Answer 7

scalp above and behind the ear

Question 8

Which ventral rami nerve(s) and cord levels of origin supply the scalp?

Answer 8

greater auricular nerve - C2, C3 ventral rami branches;

lesser occipital nerve - C2 (C3) ventral rami branches

Question 9

Which dorsal ramus nerve branch (name and cord level of origin) supplies the scalp?

Answer 9

greater occipital nerve - C2, C3 communicating ramus

Question 10

What is the third layer of the scalp associated with?

Answer 10

muscular component of the scalp

Question 11

The bellies of the epicranius muscle are connected y what structure?

Answer 11

galea aponeurotica

Question 12

What specific nerves provide motor control to the scalp muscle?

Answer 12

facial nerve: posterior auricular and temporal branches

Question 13

What is unusual/unique about the muscles of the face?

Answer 13

they do not act as lever muscles; they do not attach to bone at both origin and insertion

Question 14

Which muscles lack any attachment to bone?

Answer 14

procerus, risorius, orbicularis oris

“PRO”

Question 15

What is the embryonic origin of skeletal muscles innervated by the facial nerve?

Answer 15

the skeletal muscle is derived from the branchial arches hence branchial efferent

Question 16

Most of the seventh cranial nerve will exit the skull via what opening?

Answer 16

the stylomastoid foramen

Question 17

What is the source of innervation for all muscles of facial expression?

Answer 17

facial nerve branches

Question 18

Branchial efferent fibers carried in the seventh cranial nerve will innervate what muscles?

Answer 18

muscles of facial expression, muscles of the scalp and auricle, the buccinator, platysma, stapedius, stylohyoid, and posterior belly of the digastric

Question 19

Which divisions of the trigeminal nerve contain somatic afferent (SA) pathways?

Answer 19

all three

Question 20

What landmark forms the apex of the orbit?

Answer 20

convergence of the superior orbital fissure and inferior orbital fissure

Question 21

What are the contents of the optic canal?

Answer 21

optic nerve and ophthalmic artery

Question 22

What is the name given to the medial wall of the orbit?

Answer 22

lamina papyracea

Question 23

What opening(s) are located along the lateral wall of the orbit?

Answer 23

superior orbital fissure

Question 24

What opening accommodates the passage of the ophthalmic nerve and ophthalmic veins between the orbit and cranial vault?

Answer 24

superior orbital fissure

Question 25

What is contained in the inferior orbital fissure?

Answer 25

maxillary division of trigeminal nerve

Question 26

Identify the opening(s) found along each wall of the orbit.

Answer 26

superior wall: optic canal medial wall: anterior ethmoid and posterior ethmoid foramina lateral wall: superior orbital fissure inferior wall: inferior orbital fissure

Question 27

What are the layers of the eyelid?

Answer 27

skin, orbicularis oculi muscle, tarsal plate/tarsus and palpebral conjunctiva

Question 28

What are the names given to the modified sebacceous gland in the tarsus of the eyelid?

Answer 28

tarsal or Meibomian gland

Question 29

What is the function of the Meibomian gland?

Answer 29

produces a thick, hydrophobic substance that prevents tears from overflowing onto the cheeks along the margin of the eyelid

Question 30

What is the name of the gland at the base of the eyelash?

Answer 30

ciliary gland

Question 31

What are the names given to the modified sebaceous glands of the palpebra?

Answer 31

tarsal gland or Meibomian gland and ciliary gland

Question 32

What is the name of the mucous membrane attaching to the eyeball?

Answer 32

bulbar conjunctiva

Question 33

What is the name given to the sac formed between the palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva?

Answer 33

the superior or inferior fornix

Question 34

Visceral Efferent (VE) pathways innervate what structures?

Answer 34

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular tissues

Question 35

What specific pathways are identified with Visceral Efferent (VE) innervation?

Answer 35

sympathetic and parasympathetic motor pathways

Question 36

How many neurons are involved in the Visceral Efferent pathways from CNS to target cell?

Answer 36

two motor neurons

Question 37

What is the location for the second neuron in the Visceral Efferent (VE) pathway?

Answer 37

typically, a ganglion

Question 38

Which cranial nerves are involved in the Visceral Efferent (VE) parasympathetic pathway to the lacrimal gland?

Answer 38

facial and trigeminal (maxillary and ophthalmic divisions/branches)

Question 39

What are the names of the ganglion of synapse in the efferent pathway to the lacrimal gland?

Answer 39

pterygopalatine ganglion, sphenopalatine ganglion, Meckel's ganglion

Question 40

Parasympathetic stimulation of blood vessels in the lacrimal gland will result in what events?

Answer 40

vasodilation of blood vessels, increased availability of water to secretory units, thinner or more watery product in lumen

Question 41

Sympathetic fibers synapse in which ganglion in the pathway to the lacrimal gland?

Answer 41

the superior cervical ganglion

Question 42

Sympathetic stimulation of the lacrimal gland will result in what events?

Answer 42

vasoconstriction of blood vessels, limited availability of water to secretory units, more viscous or thicker product formed in glandular lumen

Question 43

What cells of the lacrimal gland will cause the product to be released from the secretory unit?

Answer 43

myoepithelial cells

Question 44

Parasympathetic stimulation of targets in the lacrimal gland will result in what events?

Answer 44

vasodilation of blood vessels, increased availability of water to secretory units, thinner or more watery product in lumen; constriction of myoepithelial cells leading to release of product from secretory lumen into the duct system

Question 45

What are the names of the layers of the eyeball?

Answer 45

fibrous tunic, uveal tract, and retina

Question 46

What are the parts of the fibrous tunic of the eyeball?

Answer 46

cornea and sclera

Question 47

What are the parts of the uveal tract of the eyeball?

Answer 47

iris, ciliary body, choroid, and pupil

Question 48

What muscles are present in the iris?

Answer 48

sphincter pupillae and dilator pupillae

Question 49

What is the innervation of the sphincter pupillae?

Answer 49

oculomotor nerve, parasympathetic pathway

Question 50

What is the innervation of the ciliaris muscle?

Answer 50

oculomotor nerve, parasympathetic pathway

Question 51

What is the function of the rod cell?

Answer 51

provide vision in dim light conditions

Question 52

What is the function of the cone cell?

Answer 52

provide vision in bright light conditions and mediate color vision

Question 53

What forms the optic nerve?

Answer 53

axons of ganglion cells

Question 54

What occurs at the optic chiasma?

Answer 54

part of the optic nerve decussates

Question 55

What is the innervation of the dilator puppillae?

Answer 55

internal carotid artery plexus, sympathetic pathway

Question 56

What are the chambers of the eyeball in front of the lens?

Answer 56

anterior chamber and posterior chamber

Question 57

What separates the anterior chamber and posterior chamber in the eyeball?

Answer 57

iris

Question 58

What is contained in the posterior chamber of the eyeball?

Answer 58

aqueous humor

Question 59

What is the primary cause of glaucoma?

Answer 59

excess aqueous humor in the chambers in front of the lens

Question 60

What is the name given to the chamber behind the lens?

Answer 60

vitreous chamber

Question 61

What fills the vitreous chamber?

Answer 61

vitreous body

Question 62

What are the functions of the vitreous body?

Answer 62

maintain retinal curvature; allow minimal light distortion from lens to retina

Question 63

What are the common characteristics in origin and insertion of all rectus extraocular muscles?

Answer 63

they all originate from a common annular tendon in the orbit | they all insert into the sclera in front of the coronal equator of the eyeball

Question 64

What is the common characteristic regarding the insertion of both oblique extraocular muscles?

Answer 64

both insert onto sclera on the lateral margin of the eyeball behind the coronal equator

Question 65

Somatic efferent fibers from the left nucleus of the fourth cranial nerve will have an apparent origin from which side?

Answer 65

right side

Question 66

What are the two unique features of the fourth cranial nerve?

Answer 66

1. it is the only CN with an apparent origin from the brains' dorsal surface; 2. it is the only cranial efferent nerve to decussate within the midbrain from its nucleus

Question 67

The right fourth CN will innervate which side target muscle?

Answer 67

the right side muscle

Question 68

Intrinsic muscles of the eyeball are innervated by which Visceral Efferent (VE) pathways?

Answer 68

ciliaris and sphincter pupillae are innervated by parasympathetics; dilator pupillae is innervated by sympathetics

Question 69

What is the location of synapse for preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers of the third CN?

Answer 69

ciliary ganglion

Question 70

What is the origin for the sympathetic pathway to the dilator pupillae?

Answer 70

lateral horn/intermediolateral cell column T1, T2

Question 71

Sympathetic fibers synapse in which ganglion in the pathway to the dilator pupillae?

Answer 71

the superior cervical ganglion

Question 72

From the superior cervical ganglion, how do sympathetic fibers reach the dilator pupillae?

Answer 72

they join the internal carotid artery neurovascular plexus and continue along the ophthalmic artery to the central artery of the retina and enter the eyeball

Question 73

What provides the major distribution vehicle for sympathetics to the head?

Answer 73

arteries