Spinal Exam 1: Unit I,II Flashcards
I. Osteology II. The Skeleton
What are the four basic tissues of the human body?
epithelial, muscle, neural & connective tissue
What is osteology?
the study of bone
What are the three primary cell types of bone?
osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts
What is the function of each type of bone cell?
osteoblasts - form bone
osteocytes - maintain or nurture bone
osteoclasts - remodel bone
What are the bone cells embedded in?
an amorphous matrix consisting of ground substance, protein fibers and various minerals
What is the primary constituent of the ground substance?
glycosaminoglycans
What types of glycosaminoglycans predominate in bone?
chondroitin sulfates, keratin sulfates, and hyaluronic acid
What is the principal type of protein fiber in bone?
collagen type 1
What are the primary constituents of the bone mineral?
calcium, phosphate, citrate, and carbonate ions
What is the most frequently described deposit in bone?
hydroxyapatite
Bone is also the repository for what additional ions?
sodium, magnesium, fluoride, lead, strontium, and radium
What is Wolff’s Law as it pertains to bone?
living tissue will respond to stressors such as anxiety, tension or pressure; bone is formed or absorbed in response to these same stressors
What three responses of “living” bone were stressed in class?
- is has the ability to heal
- to remodel under stressors such as anxiety, tension, or pressure
- and to age
Bone is the embryological derivative of which specific connective tissues?
mesenchyme and/or cartilage
What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in mesenchyme?
intramembranous ossification
What is the timing for the appearance of intramembranous ossification?
from the second to third month in utero
What part of the axial skeleton is primarily formed by intramembranous ossification?
the skull
What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in cartilage?
endochondral ossification
What is the timing for the appearance of ossification in cartilage?
from the second to fifth month in utero
Which skull bones are ossified by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?
the mandible, sphenoid, temporal, and occipital bones
Which bone of the appendicular skeleton is formed by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?
the clavicle
What are the names given to the centers of ossification based on time of appearance?
primary centers of ossification appear before birth
secondary centers of ossification appear after birth
Mature bone is described as being composed of what areas based on bone density?
cortical or compact bone
and
spongy, cancellous, or trabecular bone
What is the name given to the bone below an articulating surface?
subchondral bone
What is the name of the outer fibro-cellular covering of bone?
the periosteum
What is the name given to the fibro-cellular lining of bone?
the endosteum
What are the primary sources of variation observed in bone?
sexual dimorphism (gender variation) ontogentic variation (growth or age variation) geographic or population-based variation (ethnic variation) idiosyncratic variation (individual variation)
Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on male and female variation is identified at which type of variation?
sexual dimorphism or gender variation
Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on age or developmental variation is identified as which type of variation?
ontogenetic variation
Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on ethnicity or locational variation is identified as which type of variation?
geographic variation or population based variation
Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on the uniqueness between individuals is identified as which type of variation?
idiosyncratic variation
What are the six more commonly used classifications of normal bone?
long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, paranasal sinus or pneumatic bones, and sesamoid bones
Which classifications of bone are characteristics of the appendicular skeleton?
long bones, short bones, and sesamoid bones
What is the characteristic feature of a long bone?
is it longer than it is across (length greater than breadth
What are the names given to the parts of a long bone?
the diaphysis (shaft) and typically two epiphyses (extremities)
What is the primary characteristic of short bones?
they are essentially cuboidal
What are examples of short bones?
most of the bones of the carpus and tarsus
What is the characteristic of sesamoid bone?
the bone develops within a tendon