Spinal Exam 1: Unit I,II Flashcards
I. Osteology II. The Skeleton
What are the four basic tissues of the human body?
epithelial, muscle, neural & connective tissue
What is osteology?
the study of bone
What are the three primary cell types of bone?
osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts
What is the function of each type of bone cell?
osteoblasts - form bone
osteocytes - maintain or nurture bone
osteoclasts - remodel bone
What are the bone cells embedded in?
an amorphous matrix consisting of ground substance, protein fibers and various minerals
What is the primary constituent of the ground substance?
glycosaminoglycans
What types of glycosaminoglycans predominate in bone?
chondroitin sulfates, keratin sulfates, and hyaluronic acid
What is the principal type of protein fiber in bone?
collagen type 1
What are the primary constituents of the bone mineral?
calcium, phosphate, citrate, and carbonate ions
What is the most frequently described deposit in bone?
hydroxyapatite
Bone is also the repository for what additional ions?
sodium, magnesium, fluoride, lead, strontium, and radium
What is Wolff’s Law as it pertains to bone?
living tissue will respond to stressors such as anxiety, tension or pressure; bone is formed or absorbed in response to these same stressors
What three responses of “living” bone were stressed in class?
- is has the ability to heal
- to remodel under stressors such as anxiety, tension, or pressure
- and to age
Bone is the embryological derivative of which specific connective tissues?
mesenchyme and/or cartilage
What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in mesenchyme?
intramembranous ossification
What is the timing for the appearance of intramembranous ossification?
from the second to third month in utero
What part of the axial skeleton is primarily formed by intramembranous ossification?
the skull
What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in cartilage?
endochondral ossification
What is the timing for the appearance of ossification in cartilage?
from the second to fifth month in utero
Which skull bones are ossified by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?
the mandible, sphenoid, temporal, and occipital bones
Which bone of the appendicular skeleton is formed by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?
the clavicle
What are the names given to the centers of ossification based on time of appearance?
primary centers of ossification appear before birth
secondary centers of ossification appear after birth
Mature bone is described as being composed of what areas based on bone density?
cortical or compact bone
and
spongy, cancellous, or trabecular bone
What is the name given to the bone below an articulating surface?
subchondral bone
What is the name of the outer fibro-cellular covering of bone?
the periosteum
What is the name given to the fibro-cellular lining of bone?
the endosteum
What are the primary sources of variation observed in bone?
sexual dimorphism (gender variation) ontogentic variation (growth or age variation) geographic or population-based variation (ethnic variation) idiosyncratic variation (individual variation)
Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on male and female variation is identified at which type of variation?
sexual dimorphism or gender variation
Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on age or developmental variation is identified as which type of variation?
ontogenetic variation
Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on ethnicity or locational variation is identified as which type of variation?
geographic variation or population based variation
Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on the uniqueness between individuals is identified as which type of variation?
idiosyncratic variation
What are the six more commonly used classifications of normal bone?
long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, paranasal sinus or pneumatic bones, and sesamoid bones
Which classifications of bone are characteristics of the appendicular skeleton?
long bones, short bones, and sesamoid bones
What is the characteristic feature of a long bone?
is it longer than it is across (length greater than breadth
What are the names given to the parts of a long bone?
the diaphysis (shaft) and typically two epiphyses (extremities)
What is the primary characteristic of short bones?
they are essentially cuboidal
What are examples of short bones?
most of the bones of the carpus and tarsus
What is the characteristic of sesamoid bone?
the bone develops within a tendon
What are the consistent examples of sesamoid bones?
patella and pisiform
Which classifications of bone are characteristic of the axial skeleton?
flat bones, irregular bones, and paranasal sinus or pneumatic bones
What are flat bones?
a thin layer of spongy bone is sandwiched between two layers of compact bone
What are examples of flat bones?
the parietal bone and sternum
What is characteristic of irregular bone?
numerous projections or irregular outlines
What are examples of irregular bone?
the vertebrae and innominate bones
What is characteristic of pneumatic bone?
air spaces within the bone
What are examples of pneumatic bone?
frontal, ethmoid, maxilla, sphenoid, and temporal
What bones contain paranasal sinuses?
frontal, ethmoid, maxilla, and sphenoid
What are the classifications given to abnormal bone stressed in Spinal Anatomy?
accessory and heterotopic bone
What is the name given to bone formed from existing bone?
accessory bone
What are examples of accessory bone?
para-articular processes and bony spurs of vertebrae
What is the name given to bone formed in a non-bone location?
heterotopic bone
What are examples of heterotopic bone?
calcific deposits in the pineal gland, heart, and ligaments
What are the four basic surface features categories?
elevations, depressions, tunnels or passageways, and facets
When do the surface features of bone become prominent?
during and after puberty
What are the types of osseous elevations?
linear, rounded, and sharp
What are the types of osseous linear elevation?
the line, ridge, and crest
What are the types of rounded osseous elevations?
tubercle, protuberance, trochanter, tuber or tuberosity, and malleolus
What are the categories of sharp osseous elevations?
spine and process
What are the categories of osseous depressions?
linear and rounded depressions
What are the categories of rounded osseous linear depressions?
notch or incisure, groove, and sulcus
What are the categories of rounded osseous depressions?
the fovea and fossa
What are the names given to openings on the surface of bone?
ostium or orifice and hiatus
What is the definition of an osseous ostium?
a round or oval opening on the surface of bone
What is the definition of an osseous hiatus?
an irregular opening on the surface of bone
What are the names given to osseous ostia which completely penetrate bone?
foramen or canal
What is the name given to an ostium which does not completely penetrate through a region of bone but appears as a blind-ended passageway?
meatus
What are the categories of osseous facets?
flat facets and rounded facets
What are the categories of rounded osseous facets?
articular heads and articular condyles
How many bones form the typical adult skeleton?
206 bones
What are the subdivisions of the skeleton?
the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton
How many bones form the typical adult appendicular skeleton?
126 bones
How many bones form the typical adult axial skeleton?
80 bones
What bones form the axial skeleton?
the skull, hyoid, vertebral column, sternum, and ribs
What is the total number of bones forming the typical adult skull?
28 bones
What is the name given to the adult skull minus the mandible?
the cranium
What are the names given to the top of the adult skull?
the calvaria or calva
What are the categories of bone forming the typical adult skull?
the neurocranium, the facial skeleton (splanchocranium or visceral cranium) and the auditory ossicles
What is the neurocranium?
the bones that support or protect the brain
How many bones form the typical adult neurocranium?
8 bones
What bones form the neurocranium of the typical adult skull?
the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid and ethmoid
How many bones form the facial skeleton (splanchocranium or visceral skeleton)?
14 bones
What is the facial skeleton (splanchocranium or visceral cranium)?
the bones that support the face or front of the head
What bones form the facial skeleton?
mandible, vomer, nasal, maxilla, lacrimal, inferior nasal concha, palatine, and zygomatic
By strict definition, what is the splanchocranium?
the bones that support the face minus the mandible
What bones form the splanchocranium?
vomer, nasal, maxilla, lacrimal, inferior nasal concha, palatine and zygomatic
How many bones comprise the typical adult auditory ossicles?
6 bones
What bones comprise the typical adult auditory ossicles?
stapes, incus, and malleus
How many bones are present in the adult hyoid?
1 bone
What is the number of bones comprising each region of the typical adult spinal column or vertebral column?
7 cervical, 12 thoracic, and 5 lumber vertebrae,, 1 sacrum and 1 coccyx
What is the name given to the presacral region of the typical adult vertebral column or spinal column?
the spine
What is the total number of bones forming the typical adult spine?
24 bones
What is the definition of “spine” as it pertains to the vertebral column?
the pre-sacral region of the vertebral column or spinal column
How many bones are present in the typical adult sternum?
1 bone
What regions are present along the typical adult sternum?
the manubrium sterni, the corpus sterni and the xiphoid process
How many ribs are present in the typical adult skeleton?
12 pair or 24 ribs
