Spinal Exam 2: Section VI-- Spondylosis, Spondylolysis, Spondylolisthesis Flashcards
What is the Greek word for vertebra?
spondylos
What is the definition of the suffix “osis”?
condition
What is the definition of the suffic “lysis”?
cleavage or seperation
What is the definition of the suffix “listhesis”?
slippage
What is the definition of spondylosis?
a vertebral condition
What is the definition of spondylolysis?
a vertebral separation or vertebral cleavage
What is the definition of spondylolisthesis?
a vertebral slippage
What is the current limited definition of spondylosis?
a vertebral condition that is acquired or age-related
What are some of the causes of spondylolysis?
congenital, acquired during development, the result of aging, or the result of trauma
What is the location of spondylolysis that will be stressed in Spinal?
a separation along the pars interarticularis (defect in the pars interarticularis or pars defect)
What parts of a vertebra are separated as a result of a pars defect?
the anterior element from the posterior element
What is the geographic or ethnic bias for a higher incidence of spondylolysis?
the native Alaskan (Inuit) population
What are the anterior elements of the vertebra?
vertebral body and pedicle, and articular process (the intervertebral disc is also indicated when looking at a vertebral couple)
What are the posterior elements of the vertebra?
the other articular process, lamina, and spinous process
What is the incidence of spondylolysis in the general population?
a range of 2.6% to 10%
What is the incidence of spondylolysis in the native Alaskan population?
52.6%
What characteristics are associated with cervical spondylolysis?
rare, congenital, gender biased toward men, most common at C6 and linked to spondylolisthesis and spina bifida
Is cervical spondylolysis the result of congenital conditions, acquired conditions or an age-related conditions?
congenital conditions, with cartilage centers failing to form or unite
What additional abnormalities are often associated with or linked to cervical spondylolysis?
spondylolisthesis and spina bifida
What is the gender and vertebral location bias associated with cervical spondylolysis?
men at the C6 level
Lumbar spondylolysis has not been reported in what groups of individuals?
fetuses, newborns, rarely in children under five years old, patients who have never walked and in non-erect species
Lumbar spondylolysis only been reported in what types of species?
those species that walk erect; humans
What does lumbar spondylolysis appear to be related to?
the uniquely human upright stance or erect posture
What is the gender bias and locational bias associated with lumbar spondylolysis?
men at L5/S1; women at L4/L5
What is the age range typically associated with lumbar spondylolysis?
10-20 years olds
What activities are particularly stressful at the pars interarticularis of lumbar vertebrae?
gymnastics, dance, soccer
What motion(s) is particularly associated with lumbar spondylolysis?
hyperextension coupled with rotation
What name has been given to the material filling the space in a lumbar spondylolysis?
spondylolysis ligament
What types of neural function(s) have been associated with spondylolysis ligament?
nociception, neuromodulation, and autonomic function
What is the appearance of the lumbar vertebra upon oblique x-ray view?
a Scotty dog
What is the appearance of a pars defect in a lumbar vertebra upon oblique x-ray view?
a collared Scotty dog
What is the appearance of a spondylolysis in a lumbar vertebra upon oblique x-ray view?
a collared Scotty dog
What is the appearance of a defect in the pars interarticularis in a lumbar vertebra upon oblique x-ray view?
a collared Scotty dog
What part of a lumbar vertebra forms the neck of a Scotty dog?
the pars interarticularis below the superior articular process
In an oblique x-ray, spondylolysis below the superior articular process of a lumbar pars interarticularis is associated with what part of the Scotty dog?
the neck of the Scotty dog
What part of a lumbar vertebra forms the eye of a Scotty dog?
the pedicle
What part of a lumbar vertebra forms the ear of a Scotty dog?
the superior articular process
What part of a lumbar vertebra forms the nose of a Scotty dog?
the transverse process
What is the incidence of sacral spondylolysis in the general population?
it’s rare
What ethnic group is associated with a high incidence of sacral sponydlolysis?
the native Alaskan (Inuit) population
Is sacral spondylolysis the result of congenital conditions, acquired conditions, or an age-related conditions?
it seems to be acquired
What activities are associated with sacral spondylolysis?
kayaking and harpooning
What is the ethnic, gender, and locational bias associated with sacral spondylolysis?
the native Alaskan (Inuit) male at the S1 level
What is the definition of spondylolisthesis?
a vertebral slippage
What vertebral condition results in spondylolisthesis?
bilateral spondylolysis
What is the direction of spondylolisthesis?
anterior or forward displacement
What is the posterior direction of vertebral slippage called?
retrospondylolisthesis or retrolisthesis
Identify all names given to type I spondylolisthesis?
dysplastic spondylolisthesis, congenital spondylolisthesis
What is the locational bias of type I spondylolisthesis?
L5 or upper sacral segments
What is the location of the defect associated with type I spondylolisthesis?
more frequently the vertebral arch
What additional conditions are linked to type I spondylolisthesis?
spina bifida occulta and nerve root compression of the S1 nerve
Identify all names given to type II spondylolisthesis?
isthmic spondylolisthesis
Which subtype of type II spondylolisthesis is stressed in Spinal?
Lytic spondylolisthesis or stress fracture induced spondylolisthesis
What is the cause most frequently given for type II spondylolisthesis?
microfractures as the result of repetitive stress during hyperflexion and rotation
What is the age group typically associated with type II spondylolisthesis?
teenagers or young adults
Will spondylolysis always result in type II spondylolisthesis?
no, particularly in cases of unilateral spondylolysis
What spinal canal dimensions are associated with type II spondylolisthesis?
isthmic spondylolisthesis demonstrates an increase in sagittal diamter of the spinal canal
What is the gender bias and locational bias associated with type II spondylolisthesis?
isthmis spondylolisthesis is common in men at the L5/S1 level
Which type of spondylolisthesis is common in men at the L5/S1 level?
Type II spondylolisthesis or isthmic spondylolisthesis
Identify all names given to type III spondylolisthesis?
degenerative spondylolisthesis
What conditions are often associated with type III spondylolisthesis?
degenerative spondylolisthesis is often associated with osteoarthritis, intervertebral disc degeneration, ligament laxity and articular facet remodeling
What is the gender bias, locational bias, and spinal canal dimension changes often associated with type III spondylolisthesis?
degenerative spondylolisthesis is more common in women, particularily at L4/L5, and demonstrated no change in sagittal diameter of the spinal canal
Which type of spondylolisthesis is more common in women at L4/L5?
Type III spondylolisthesis or degenerative spondylolisthesis
Identify all names given to type IV sopndylolisthesis?
traumatic spondyolisthesis
What causes type IV spondylolisthesis?
fracture of the neural arch components
Is there a gender, locational, or age bias associated with type IV spondylolisthesis?
no
Identify all names given to type V spondylolisthesis?
pathologic spondylolisthesis
What are the cause(s) associated with type V spondylolisthesis?
bone diseases such as Paget disease or osteogenesis imperfecta
What is the result of type V spondylolisthesis?
bone of the neural arch is lengthened such that listhesis occurs
