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Spinal Anatomy -- Morter > Spinal Exam 2: Section VI - Sacrum, Coccyx > Flashcards

Spinal Exam 2: Section VI - Sacrum, Coccyx Flashcards

1
Q

What is the generic shape of the first sacral vertebral body from the base view?

A

reniform or kidney-shaped

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2
Q

What muscle(s) may attach to the first sacral vertebral body?

A

psoas major

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3
Q

How many joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of the first sacral segment?

A

five

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4
Q

What is the origin of the sacral ala?

A

on base view, the S1 true transverse process and costal element appear to originate from the vertebral body and possibly the pedicle to form the sacral ala

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5
Q

What part of the sacral ala is derived from the costal element?

A

the anterior two-thirds

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6
Q

What is the position of the sacral zygapophysis in adults?

A

the zygapophysis lies in the coronal plane for L5/S1

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7
Q

What is the orientation of the first sacral superior articular facet?

A

backward, upward, medial (BUM); typically concave

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8
Q

What muscles will attach to the sacral mammillary processes?

A

multifidis

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9
Q

Fusion of vertebral bodies of sacrum across the intervertebral disc is called______.

A

synostosis

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10
Q

From the anterior view, the intervertebral discs of sacrum will be replaced by what feature?

A

transverse ridges

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11
Q

What forms the median sacral crest?

A

fused spinous processes and their spinous tubercles

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12
Q

What muscles may attach to the median sacral crest?

A

latissimus dorsi, iliocostalis lumborum, longissimus thoracis

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13
Q

What forms the intermediate sacral crest?

A

fused articular processes and their facets

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14
Q

What features may be identified along the intermediate sacral crest?

A

the mammillary process of S1 and the sacral cornu of S5

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15
Q

What does the sacral cornu represent?

A

the inferior articular process and facet of S5

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16
Q

What is the name of the inferior opening of the sacral spinal canal?

A

the sacral hiatus

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17
Q

What forms the lateral sacral crest?

A

the fused transverse processes and transverse tubercles from S1 to S5

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18
Q

What features may be identified along the lateral sacral crest?

A

S1 transverse tubercle, sacral tuberosity of S2, transverse tubercles of S3-S5

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19
Q

What is the name of the joint formed by the sacral tuberosity?

A

the accessory sacro-iliac joint

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20
Q

What feature is associated with the transverse tubercle of S5?

A

the inferior and lateral (inferolateral) sacral angle

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21
Q

What muscles may attach to the lateral sacral crest?

A

multifidis, iliocostalis lumborum

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22
Q

What muscle is said to attach to the dorsal surface of sacrum?

A

iliacus

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23
Q

What feature is identified on the lateral surface of S1-S3?

A

auricular surface

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24
Q

What classification of joint is formed by the auricular surface of sacrum?

A

synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)

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25
Q

What is the sacral promontory?

A

the bulging anterior surface of the superior epiphyseal rim of S1

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26
Q

The continuation of the anterior longitudinal ligament below S3 forms what ligament?

A

the anterior sacrococcygeal ligament

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27
Q

The continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament below S3 forms what ligament?

A

the deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament

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28
Q

What forms the posterior boundary for the fifth sacral spinal nerve intervertebral foramen?

A

sacral cornu, coccygeal cornu, superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament, and intercornual ligament

29
Q

What forms the anterior boundary for the fifth sacral spinal nerve intervertebral foramen?

A

vertebral body S5, vertebral body Co1, deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament, and intervertebral disc

30
Q

What ligament is attached to the sacral hiatus?

A

the superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament

31
Q

What synovial joint surfaces are present at sacrum?

A

two superior articular facets, two auricular surfaces

32
Q

How many synovial joints are typically present at sacrum?

A

four

33
Q

What joint classifications are typically present at sacrum?

A

fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis,
cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis, and
synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)

34
Q

What is the homolog for the posterior longitudinal ligament at S5?

A

deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament

35
Q

What is the homolog for the anterior longitudinal ligament at S5?

A

anterior sacrococcygeal ligament

36
Q

What is the homolog for the ligamentum flavum at S5?

A

superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament

37
Q

What forms the inferior boundary for the spinal canal?

A

the union of the superficial posterior and deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligaments

38
Q

What ligament is formed by the union of the superficial posterior sacrococcygeal and the deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligaments at Co1?

A

the posterior sacrococcygeal ligament

39
Q

What ligament is a homolog of the intertransverse ligament at S5?

A

lateral sacrococcygeal ligament

40
Q

What ligaments divides the sciatic foramen into the greater and lesser sciatic foramina?

A

sacrospinous ligament

41
Q

What ligament has a broach attachment along the lateral margin of sacrum and coccyx and then attaches to the ischial tuberosity?

A

sacrotuberous ligament

42
Q

Which ligament represents a thickening of the fibrous capsule of the sacro-iliac joint?

A

anterior sacro-iliac ligament

43
Q

Which ligament is the strongest of the sacro-iliac ligaments and is penetrated by dorsal rami of the sacral spinal nerves?

A

interosseous sacro-iliac ligament

44
Q

Which ligament will attach the intermediate sacral crest of S1, lateral sacral crest of S2 to the posterior superior iliac spine?

A

short posterior sacro-iliac ligament

45
Q

Which ligament attaches the lateral sacral crest of S3 and S4 to the posterior superior iliac spine?

A

long posterior sacro-iliac ligament

46
Q

What is the homolog for the inferior articular process and facet at S5?

A

sacral cornu

47
Q

What is the homolog for the superior articular process and facet at Co1?

A

coccygeal cornu

48
Q

What is the homolog for the capsular ligament at S5?

A

intercornual ligament

49
Q

What is the number of coccygeal somites?

A

ten

50
Q

What is the typical number of segments that unite to form the adult coccyx?

A

4 segments

51
Q

When is ossification of coccyx completed?

A

about age 30

52
Q

What bony features are present on the coccyx?

A

all segments are represented by a “vertebral body”; Co1 has a coccygeal cornu and transverse process

53
Q

What is the homolog of the superior articular process and facet on Co1?

A

coccygeal cornu

54
Q

What is the direction of fusion of coccygeal segments?

A

from caudal to cranial, the last segments to fuse together are Co1 and Co2

55
Q

What is the direction of the coccygeal curve?

A

posterior (kyphotic)

56
Q

What is the major motion and range of motion for coccyx?

A

flexion - extension, 5-20 degrees

57
Q

How many coccygeal nerves are present in the fetus?

A

typically 5 pairs of coccygeal nerves are present

58
Q

How many coccygeal nerves are present in the adult?

A

typically only one pair of coccygeal nerves remain in the adult

59
Q

What forms the coccygeal nerve plexus?

A

S4, S5, and Co1 nerves

60
Q

What is the ganglion impar?

A

a midline sympathetic ganglion

61
Q

What is the coccygeal glomus or coccygeal body?

A

an enlarged encapsulated arteriovenous anastomosis located near the last segment of coccyx

62
Q

What innervates the coccygeal glomus or coccygeal body?

A

both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers are identified

63
Q

What muscles attach to the coccyx?

A

ischiococcygeus and levator ani

64
Q

What joint classifications are present for coccyx?

A 
cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis 
and fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis
65
Q

What forms the inferior boundary for the spinal canal?

A

the union of the superficial posterior and deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligaments

66
Q

What ligament is formed by the union of the superficial posterior sacrococcygeal and the deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligaments at Co1?

A

the posterior sacrococcygeal ligament

67
Q

What ligaments form the posterior boundary for the Co1 spinal nerve intervertebral foramen?

A

superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament and intercornual ligament

68
Q

What ligaments form the anterior boundary for the Co1 spinal nerve intervertebral foramen?

A

deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament and intervertebral disc

Spinal Anatomy -- Morter (21 decks)

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