Spinal Final Exam: Section X. Myology of the Back--Superficial Back, Unique M., Erector Spinae M., & Transversospinalis M. Flashcards
What muscles are associated with the five muscle layers of the true back?
Layer 1: trapezius and latissimus dorsi
Layer 2: rhomboid major, rhomboid minor, and levator scapulae
Layer 3: serratus posterior superior and serratus posterior inferior
Layer 4: erector spinae
Layer 5: transversospinalis
Which of the muscles attaching to spinous process represent layer one of the true back?
trapezius, latissimus dorsi
Which of the muscles attaching to spinous processes represent layer two of the true back?
rhomboid major, rhomboid minor
Which muscles attaching to transverse processes represent layer two of the true back?
levator scapulae
The trapezius is innervated by what nerve?
the spinal accessory nerve
What forms the spinal accessory nerve innervating the trapezius?
C1-C5 cord levels contribute to the spinal root of the spinal accessory nerve
The latissimus dorsi is innervated by what nerve?
the thoracodorsal nerve
What forms the thoracodorsal nerve innervating the latissimus dorsi?
ventral rami from C6-C8
Which of the muscles of the true back are innervated by the dorsal scapular nerve?
levator scapulae, rhomboid major, rhomboid minor
What forms the dorsal scapular nerve?
the ventral ramus of C5
The levator scapulae is innervated by what nerves?
the dorsal scapular nerve (ventral ramus of C5) and branches from C3, C4 ventral rami
The rhomboid major is innervated by what nerves?
the dorsal scapular nerve (ventral ramus of C5) and branches from C4 ventral ramus
The rhomboid minor is innervated by what nerves?
the dorsal scapular nerve (ventral ramus of C5) and branches from C4 ventral ramus
What muscles lie just beneath the trapezius in the neck?
splenius capitis and splenius cervicis
What part of the vertebra forms the osseous origin for the splenius muscles?
the spinous process
Splenius capitis will attach to what locations on the skull?
mastoid process of temporal bone, superior nuchal line of the occipital bone
What is the innervation of the splenius capitis?
dorsal rami of middle cervical spinal nerves (C3-C5 cord levels)
Splenius cervicis will attach to what locations on the spine?
lateral mass of C1 and posterior tubercle of transverse process on C1-C4
What is the innervation of the splenius cervicis?
dorsal rami of lower cervical spinal nerves (C5-Ct cord levels
Which muscles represent the fourth layer of the true back?
the erector spinae or sacrospinalis muscles
Which muscles are identified as erector spinae or sacrospinalis muscles?
iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis
What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the iliocostalis lumborum?
spinous processes of T11-T12, L1-L5, median sacral crest, lateral sacral crest
What is the insertion for the iliocostalis lumborum?
costal angles of the lower 6-9 ribs (ribs 6 - rib 12 or rib 3 - rib 12)
What is the innervation of the iliocostalis lumborum?
dorsal rami or lower thoracic and all lumbar spinal nerves
What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the iliocostalis lumborum pars lumborum?
spinous processes of L1-L5
What is the insertion for the iliocostalis lumborum pars lumborum?
iliac crest of the innominate bone
Which subdivision of the iliocostalis muscle appears to have a reversal of origin - insertion?
iliocostalis lumborum pars lumborum
What is the origin for the iliocostalis thoracis?
costal angles of the lower 6-7 ribs (rib 5 or 6 - rib 12)
What is the insertion for the iliocostalis thoracis?
costal angles of the upper 6-7 ribs, transverse process of C7
What osseous part of the vertebral column serves as an insertion for the iliocostalis thoracis?
transverse process of C7
Which subdivision of the iliocostalis primarily originates and inserts on ribs?
iliocostalis thoracis
What is the innervation of the iliocostalis thoracis?
dorsal rami of upper 6 thoracic spinal nerves (T1-T6 cord levels)
What is the origin for the iliocostalis cervicis?
costal angles of the upper 3-6 ribs (ribs 1-3 or ribs 1-6)
What is the insertion for the iliocostalis cervicis?
posterior tubercle of transverse process of C(3) C4-C6
What is the innervation of the iliocostalis cervicis?
dorsal rami of T1, T2 spinal nerves, sometimes C8 spinal nerve (C8, T1, T2 cord levels)
What muscles are classically identified as longissimus muscles?
longissimus thoracis, longissimus cervicis, and longissimus capitis
What osseous part of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the longissimus thoracis?
accessory process and transverse processes of L1-L5, spinous processes of L3-L5 and median sacral crest S1-S3
What is the insertion for the longissimus thoracis?
transverse tubercle of all thoracic segments
between tubercle and costal angle of the lower 9-10 ribs (rib 2 or 3 - rib 12)
Which erector spinae muscle is attached to the accessory process?
longissimus thoracis
What is the innervation of the longissimus thoracis?
dorsal rami of all thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves (cord levels T1-T12, L1-L5)
What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the longissimus thoracis pars lumborum?
accessory process and medial part of transverse process of L1-L5
What is the insertion for the longissimus thoracis pars lumborum?
posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS) of the innomiate bone
Contraction of longissimus thoracis pars lumborum will result in what movements?
lateral flexion of lumbar spine
bilaterally extend lumbar spine and increase lumbar lordotic curve
What osseous parts of the vertebral column site serve as an origin to the longissimus thoracis pars thoracis?
spinous process of L3-L5 and median sacral crest S1-S3
What non-vertebral column site serves as an origin to the longissimus thoracis pars thoracis?
posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS) of the innominate bone
Which subdivision of the longissimus muscle appears to have a reversal of origin - insertion?
longissimus thoracis pars lumborum
What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an insertion for the longissimus cervicis?
posterior tubercle of transverse processes from C2-C6 or C7, articular processes from C2-C6 or C7
What is the innervation of the longissimus cervicis?
dorsal rami of C4-C8 and T1-T2 spinal nerves (C4-C8 and T1-T2 cord levels)
What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the longissimus capitis?
transverse tubercle of T1-T5 and articular processes of C4-C7
What is the insertion for the longissimus capitis?
mastoid process of temporal bone
What is the innervation of the longissimus capitis?
dorsal rami of C1-C3 or C4 spinal nerves, (C1-C3 or C4 cord levels)
Which erector spinae muscles attach to cervical articular processes?
longissimus cervicis and longissimus capitis
What muscles are classically identified as spinalis muscles?
spinalis thoracis, spinalis cervicis, and spinalis capitis
What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the spinalis thoracis?
spinous processes of T11 and T12-L1 and L2
What is the insertion for the spinalis thoracis?
spinous process of T1-T4 or as low as T8
What is the innervation of the spinalis thoracis?
dorsal rami of all thoracic and upper lumbar spinal nerves
What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the spinalis cervicis?
spinous process of C7 and T1-T6
What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an insertion for the spinalis cervicis?
spinous process from C2-C4
What is the innervation of the spinalis cervicis?
dorsal rami of all cervical spinal nerves (C1-C8 cord levels)
What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the spinalis capitis?
spinous process of C7 and T1-T6 or T7
What is the insertion for the spinalis capitis?
below the superior nuchal line of the occipital bone
What is the innervation of the spinalis capitis?
dorsal rami of lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal nerves
Which muscles are identified as transversospinalis muscle?
semispinalis, multifidis, and rotators
How many vertebrae can be attached to a single segment by transversospinalis msucles?
as many as nine vertebrae
What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the semispinalis thoracis?
transverse tubercles of T6-T10 or as low as T12
What segment will respresent the lowest attachment site for the semispinalis thoracis?
T12
What is the insertion for the semispinalis thoracis?
spinous processes of C6-C7 and T1-T4
What is the innervation of the semispinalis thoracis?
dorsal rami of T1-T6 spinal nerves (cord levels T1-T6)
What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the semispinalis cervicis?
transverse tubercles of T1-T5 or T6 and articular processes of C4-C7
What is the insertion for the semispinalis cervicis?
spinous processes of C2-C5
What is the innervation of the semispinalis cervicis?
dorsal rami of C6-C8 spinal nerves (cord levels C6-C8)
What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the semispinalis capitis?
transverse tubercles of C7, T1-T6 or T7 and articular processes of C4-C6
What is the insertion for the semispinalis captitis?
below the superior nuchal line of the occipital bone
What is the innervation of the semispinalis capitis?
dorsal rami of C1-C6 spinal nerves (cord levels C1-C6)
The biventer cervicis is formed by the fusion of what muscles?
semispinalis capitis and spinalis capitis
What regional subdivisions are now identified with multifidis muscles?
lumbar multifidis, thoracic multifidis and cervical multifidis
What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the classic multifidis?
articular process of C4-C7, transverse processes of T1-T12, mammillary processes of L1-L5 and the dorsal surface of S1-S4 or S5
What is the insertion for the classic multifidis?
spinous process 3-5 segments above the origin
Which transversospinalis muscle attaches to articular and mammillary processes along the spine?
multifidis
What is the innervation of the classic multifidis?
dorsal rami of C3-C8, T1-T12, L1-L5, and S1 spinal nerves (cord levels C3-C8, T1-T12, L1-L5, and S1)
What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the multifidis cervicis?
articular process of C4-C7
What is the attachment site and most cranial vertebra of insertion for the multifidis?
spinous process of C2
Contraction of multifidis cervicis will result in what movements?
- alters the zygapophyseal capsular ligament response to load distribution,
- determines the cervical spine response to injury as evidenced by neck pain, and
- is a significant contributor to postural control of the head and neck
Which subdivision of multifidis may demonstrate a reversal or origin - insertion?
multifidis lumborum
Contraction of multifidis lumborum will result in what movements?
lateral flexion and rotation of the lumbar spine, maintains the lumbar lordotic curve and prevents entrapment of lumbar zygapophyseal capsular ligament during movement
What is characteristic of multifidis innervation?
all fascicles attaching to a specific spinous process are innervated by the nerve of that segment…(the L2 spinal nerve terminates on fascicles attaching to the L2 spinous process)
Which muscles of the spine exhibit a reversal of the expected origin - insertion combination?
iliocostalis lumborum pars lumborum, longissimus thoracic pars lumborum, and multifidis lumborum
Rotator muscles are typically identified in what region of the spine?
the thoracic region
What will replace muscles spanning one or two segmental levels in the cervicals and lumbars?
deep layers of the multifidis
What muscle connects a transverse process to the spinous process of the segment above?
rotator brevis
What muscle connects a transverse process to the spinous process two segments above?
rotator longus
What innervates the rotators?
dorsal rami at the level of insertion are believed to do so
