Spinal Final Exam: Section X. Myology of the Back--Superficial Back, Unique M., Erector Spinae M., & Transversospinalis M.

Question 1

What muscles are associated with the five muscle layers of the true back?

Answer 1

Layer 1: trapezius and latissimus dorsi
Layer 2: rhomboid major, rhomboid minor, and levator scapulae
Layer 3: serratus posterior superior and serratus posterior inferior
Layer 4: erector spinae
Layer 5: transversospinalis

Question 2

Which of the muscles attaching to spinous process represent layer one of the true back?

Answer 2

trapezius, latissimus dorsi

Question 3

Which of the muscles attaching to spinous processes represent layer two of the true back?

Answer 3

rhomboid major, rhomboid minor

Question 4

Which muscles attaching to transverse processes represent layer two of the true back?

Answer 4

levator scapulae

Question 5

The trapezius is innervated by what nerve?

Answer 5

the spinal accessory nerve

Question 6

What forms the spinal accessory nerve innervating the trapezius?

Answer 6

C1-C5 cord levels contribute to the spinal root of the spinal accessory nerve

Question 7

The latissimus dorsi is innervated by what nerve?

Answer 7

the thoracodorsal nerve

Question 8

What forms the thoracodorsal nerve innervating the latissimus dorsi?

Answer 8

ventral rami from C6-C8

Question 9

Which of the muscles of the true back are innervated by the dorsal scapular nerve?

Answer 9

levator scapulae, rhomboid major, rhomboid minor

Question 10

What forms the dorsal scapular nerve?

Answer 10

the ventral ramus of C5

Question 11

The levator scapulae is innervated by what nerves?

Answer 11

the dorsal scapular nerve (ventral ramus of C5) and branches from C3, C4 ventral rami

Question 12

The rhomboid major is innervated by what nerves?

Answer 12

the dorsal scapular nerve (ventral ramus of C5) and branches from C4 ventral ramus

Question 13

The rhomboid minor is innervated by what nerves?

Answer 13

the dorsal scapular nerve (ventral ramus of C5) and branches from C4 ventral ramus

Question 14

What muscles lie just beneath the trapezius in the neck?

Answer 14

splenius capitis and splenius cervicis

Question 15

What part of the vertebra forms the osseous origin for the splenius muscles?

Answer 15

the spinous process

Question 16

Splenius capitis will attach to what locations on the skull?

Answer 16

mastoid process of temporal bone, superior nuchal line of the occipital bone

Question 17

What is the innervation of the splenius capitis?

Answer 17

dorsal rami of middle cervical spinal nerves (C3-C5 cord levels)

Question 18

Splenius cervicis will attach to what locations on the spine?

Answer 18

lateral mass of C1 and posterior tubercle of transverse process on C1-C4

Question 19

What is the innervation of the splenius cervicis?

Answer 19

dorsal rami of lower cervical spinal nerves (C5-Ct cord levels

Question 20

Which muscles represent the fourth layer of the true back?

Answer 20

the erector spinae or sacrospinalis muscles

Question 21

Which muscles are identified as erector spinae or sacrospinalis muscles?

Answer 21

iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis

Question 22

What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the iliocostalis lumborum?

Answer 22

spinous processes of T11-T12, L1-L5, median sacral crest, lateral sacral crest

Question 23

What is the insertion for the iliocostalis lumborum?

Answer 23

costal angles of the lower 6-9 ribs (ribs 6 - rib 12 or rib 3 - rib 12)

Question 24

What is the innervation of the iliocostalis lumborum?

Answer 24

dorsal rami or lower thoracic and all lumbar spinal nerves

Question 25

What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the iliocostalis lumborum pars lumborum?

Answer 25

spinous processes of L1-L5

Question 26

What is the insertion for the iliocostalis lumborum pars lumborum?

Answer 26

iliac crest of the innominate bone

Question 27

Which subdivision of the iliocostalis muscle appears to have a reversal of origin - insertion?

Answer 27

iliocostalis lumborum pars lumborum

Question 28

What is the origin for the iliocostalis thoracis?

Answer 28

costal angles of the lower 6-7 ribs (rib 5 or 6 - rib 12)

Question 29

What is the insertion for the iliocostalis thoracis?

Answer 29

costal angles of the upper 6-7 ribs, transverse process of C7

Question 30

What osseous part of the vertebral column serves as an insertion for the iliocostalis thoracis?

Answer 30

transverse process of C7

Question 31

Which subdivision of the iliocostalis primarily originates and inserts on ribs?

Answer 31

iliocostalis thoracis

Question 32

What is the innervation of the iliocostalis thoracis?

Answer 32

dorsal rami of upper 6 thoracic spinal nerves (T1-T6 cord levels)

Question 33

What is the origin for the iliocostalis cervicis?

Answer 33

costal angles of the upper 3-6 ribs (ribs 1-3 or ribs 1-6)

Question 34

What is the insertion for the iliocostalis cervicis?

Answer 34

posterior tubercle of transverse process of C(3) C4-C6

Question 35

What is the innervation of the iliocostalis cervicis?

Answer 35

dorsal rami of T1, T2 spinal nerves, sometimes C8 spinal nerve (C8, T1, T2 cord levels)

Question 36

What muscles are classically identified as longissimus muscles?

Answer 36

longissimus thoracis, longissimus cervicis, and longissimus capitis

Question 37

What osseous part of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the longissimus thoracis?

Answer 37

accessory process and transverse processes of L1-L5, spinous processes of L3-L5 and median sacral crest S1-S3

Question 38

What is the insertion for the longissimus thoracis?

Answer 38

transverse tubercle of all thoracic segments | between tubercle and costal angle of the lower 9-10 ribs (rib 2 or 3 - rib 12)

Question 39

Which erector spinae muscle is attached to the accessory process?

Answer 39

longissimus thoracis

Question 40

What is the innervation of the longissimus thoracis?

Answer 40

dorsal rami of all thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves (cord levels T1-T12, L1-L5)

Question 41

What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the longissimus thoracis pars lumborum?

Answer 41

accessory process and medial part of transverse process of L1-L5

Question 42

What is the insertion for the longissimus thoracis pars lumborum?

Answer 42

posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS) of the innomiate bone

Question 43

Contraction of longissimus thoracis pars lumborum will result in what movements?

Answer 43

lateral flexion of lumbar spine | bilaterally extend lumbar spine and increase lumbar lordotic curve

Question 44

What osseous parts of the vertebral column site serve as an origin to the longissimus thoracis pars thoracis?

Answer 44

spinous process of L3-L5 and median sacral crest S1-S3

Question 45

What non-vertebral column site serves as an origin to the longissimus thoracis pars thoracis?

Answer 45

posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS) of the innominate bone

Question 46

Which subdivision of the longissimus muscle appears to have a reversal of origin - insertion?

Answer 46

longissimus thoracis pars lumborum

Question 47

What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an insertion for the longissimus cervicis?

Answer 47

posterior tubercle of transverse processes from C2-C6 or C7, articular processes from C2-C6 or C7

Question 48

What is the innervation of the longissimus cervicis?

Answer 48

dorsal rami of C4-C8 and T1-T2 spinal nerves (C4-C8 and T1-T2 cord levels)

Question 49

What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the longissimus capitis?

Answer 49

transverse tubercle of T1-T5 and articular processes of C4-C7

Question 50

What is the insertion for the longissimus capitis?

Answer 50

mastoid process of temporal bone

Question 51

What is the innervation of the longissimus capitis?

Answer 51

dorsal rami of C1-C3 or C4 spinal nerves, (C1-C3 or C4 cord levels)

Question 52

Which erector spinae muscles attach to cervical articular processes?

Answer 52

longissimus cervicis and longissimus capitis

Question 53

What muscles are classically identified as spinalis muscles?

Answer 53

spinalis thoracis, spinalis cervicis, and spinalis capitis

Question 54

What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the spinalis thoracis?

Answer 54

spinous processes of T11 and T12-L1 and L2

Question 55

What is the insertion for the spinalis thoracis?

Answer 55

spinous process of T1-T4 or as low as T8

Question 56

What is the innervation of the spinalis thoracis?

Answer 56

dorsal rami of all thoracic and upper lumbar spinal nerves

Question 57

What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the spinalis cervicis?

Answer 57

spinous process of C7 and T1-T6

Question 58

What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an insertion for the spinalis cervicis?

Answer 58

spinous process from C2-C4

Question 59

What is the innervation of the spinalis cervicis?

Answer 59

dorsal rami of all cervical spinal nerves (C1-C8 cord levels)

Question 60

What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the spinalis capitis?

Answer 60

spinous process of C7 and T1-T6 or T7

Question 61

What is the insertion for the spinalis capitis?

Answer 61

below the superior nuchal line of the occipital bone

Question 62

What is the innervation of the spinalis capitis?

Answer 62

dorsal rami of lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal nerves

Question 63

Which muscles are identified as transversospinalis muscle?

Answer 63

semispinalis, multifidis, and rotators

Question 64

How many vertebrae can be attached to a single segment by transversospinalis msucles?

Answer 64

as many as nine vertebrae

Question 65

What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the semispinalis thoracis?

Answer 65

transverse tubercles of T6-T10 or as low as T12

Question 66

What segment will respresent the lowest attachment site for the semispinalis thoracis?

Answer 66

T12

Question 67

What is the insertion for the semispinalis thoracis?

Answer 67

spinous processes of C6-C7 and T1-T4

Question 68

What is the innervation of the semispinalis thoracis?

Answer 68

dorsal rami of T1-T6 spinal nerves (cord levels T1-T6)

Question 69

What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the semispinalis cervicis?

Answer 69

transverse tubercles of T1-T5 or T6 and articular processes of C4-C7

Question 70

What is the insertion for the semispinalis cervicis?

Answer 70

spinous processes of C2-C5

Question 71

What is the innervation of the semispinalis cervicis?

Answer 71

dorsal rami of C6-C8 spinal nerves (cord levels C6-C8)

Question 72

What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the semispinalis capitis?

Answer 72

transverse tubercles of C7, T1-T6 or T7 and articular processes of C4-C6

Question 73

What is the insertion for the semispinalis captitis?

Answer 73

below the superior nuchal line of the occipital bone

Question 74

What is the innervation of the semispinalis capitis?

Answer 74

dorsal rami of C1-C6 spinal nerves (cord levels C1-C6)

Question 75

The biventer cervicis is formed by the fusion of what muscles?

Answer 75

semispinalis capitis and spinalis capitis

Question 76

What regional subdivisions are now identified with multifidis muscles?

Answer 76

lumbar multifidis, thoracic multifidis and cervical multifidis

Question 77

What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the classic multifidis?

Answer 77

articular process of C4-C7, transverse processes of T1-T12, mammillary processes of L1-L5 and the dorsal surface of S1-S4 or S5

Question 78

What is the insertion for the classic multifidis?

Answer 78

spinous process 3-5 segments above the origin

Question 79

Which transversospinalis muscle attaches to articular and mammillary processes along the spine?

Answer 79

multifidis

Question 80

What is the innervation of the classic multifidis?

Answer 80

dorsal rami of C3-C8, T1-T12, L1-L5, and S1 spinal nerves (cord levels C3-C8, T1-T12, L1-L5, and S1)

Question 81

What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the multifidis cervicis?

Answer 81

articular process of C4-C7

Question 82

What is the attachment site and most cranial vertebra of insertion for the multifidis?

Answer 82

spinous process of C2

Question 83

Contraction of multifidis cervicis will result in what movements?

Answer 83

- alters the zygapophyseal capsular ligament response to load distribution, - determines the cervical spine response to injury as evidenced by neck pain, and - is a significant contributor to postural control of the head and neck

Question 84

Which subdivision of multifidis may demonstrate a reversal or origin - insertion?

Answer 84

multifidis lumborum

Question 85

Contraction of multifidis lumborum will result in what movements?

Answer 85

lateral flexion and rotation of the lumbar spine, maintains the lumbar lordotic curve and prevents entrapment of lumbar zygapophyseal capsular ligament during movement

Question 86

What is characteristic of multifidis innervation?

Answer 86

all fascicles attaching to a specific spinous process are innervated by the nerve of that segment...(the L2 spinal nerve terminates on fascicles attaching to the L2 spinous process)

Question 87

Which muscles of the spine exhibit a reversal of the expected origin - insertion combination?

Answer 87

iliocostalis lumborum pars lumborum, longissimus thoracic pars lumborum, and multifidis lumborum

Question 88

Rotator muscles are typically identified in what region of the spine?

Answer 88

the thoracic region

Question 89

What will replace muscles spanning one or two segmental levels in the cervicals and lumbars?

Answer 89

deep layers of the multifidis

Question 90

What muscle connects a transverse process to the spinous process of the segment above?

Answer 90

rotator brevis

Question 91

What muscle connects a transverse process to the spinous process two segments above?

Answer 91

rotator longus

Question 92

What innervates the rotators?

Answer 92

dorsal rami at the level of insertion are believed to do so