Spinal Final Exam: Section XI. Arthology of Vertebral Column----IVD Flashcards
What are the characteristics of a (amphiarthrosis) symphysis?
limited motion, median plane location, support ligaments both anterior and posterior to the joint, more permanent in longevity than synchondrosis, and they occur b/w bones developing by endochondral ossification
What are the four consistent features of synovial (diarthrosis) joints
- articular or fibrous capsule
- synovial membrane
- articular cartilage
- synovial fluid
What are the three classifications of synovial membrane?
- articular synovial membrane
- vaginal synovial membrane
- bursal synovial membrane
What are the three modifications of articular synovial membrane?
- synovial villi
- articular fat pads or Haversian glands
- synovial menisci and intra-articular discs
Articular fat pads are most numerous in what location along the verterbral column?
lumbar zygapophyses
Synovial mensici are a feature of what joint examples?
femur-tibia articulation,
cervical zygapophyses, and
lumbar zygapophyses
What are the specific functions of Type A synovial cells?
Type B?
are phagocytic
secrete proteinaceous substances and hyaluronic acid
What is the primary function of bound glycosaminoglycans in articular cartilage?
form a network for water retention
Cartilage is able to change shape due to compression, a characteristic known as___________.
deformation
What is implied when cartilage is said to have elastic properties?
cartilage can deform and returns to original volume rapidly, a time independent property
What is implied when cartilage is said to have viscoelastic properties?
cartilage can deform but returns to original volume slowly, a time dependent property
What are the properties of synovial fluid?
it is yellow-white, viscous, slightly alkaline, and tastes salty
Synovial fluid consists of what specific chemical groups?
fats, salts, albumins, and hyaluronate
Which substance in synovial fluid was first thought to be responsible for its viscosity and lubricating behavior?
hyaluronate
Which substance of synovial fluid has been proposed to be responsible for its viscosity and lubricating behavior?
lubricin
What are the common ligaments of the vertebral column?
those ligaments commonly found between vertebral couples from C2/C3 to L4/L5
Identify the common ligaments of the vertebral column.
the 9 common ligaments are the:
- anterior longitudinal ligament
- intervertebral disc
- posterior longitudinal ligament
- ligamentum flavum
- capsular ligament
- interspinous ligament
- ligamentum nuchae,
- supraspinous ligament
- intertransverse ligament
What is the maximum number of common ligaments identified with a vertebral couple?
eight
What is the number of true intervertebral discs identified in the adults?
23
In the adult, which vertebral levels will demonstrate a true intervertebral disc?
those between C2 and S1 inclusive
What is the cervical nucleus pulposus composed of?
fibrocartilage
What is the consequence of non-aggregated glycosaminoglycans in the lumbar nucleus pulposus?
the nucleus pulposus will lose water under deformation conditions
What cell is associated with the nucleus pulposus until about age eleven?
notochord cells
Which type of collagen is dominant in the nucleus pulposus?
collagen type II
What is the organization pattern for collagen fibers in the nucleus pulposus?
they are irregularly oriented and randomly scattered
What is unusual about the cervical annulus fibrosus?
it lacks any lamellar or layered organization
What is the appearance of the cervical annulus fibrosus?
a horse-shoe with the anterior margin thick and the lateral margins tapering to the uncinate processes; the posterior margin is thin
What compensates for the thinness of the posterior part of the cervical annulus fibrosus?
posterior longitudinal ligament
What is the organization of the lumbar annulus fibrosus?
it has 12-14 concentric cylindrical lamellae
Why is the posterior part of the lumbar annulus fibrosus more susceptible to rupture, herniation, prolapse, or protrusion?
the posterior margin of each lamellus is thin and the posterior longitudinal ligament is also less developed
What is the consequences of aggregated glycosaminoglycans in the lumbar annulus fibrosus?
the annulus fibrosis will retain water under deformation conditions
Which type of collagen is dominant in the annulus fibrosus?
collagen type I
What is the organizational pattern for collagen fibers in the annulus fibrosus?
they are parallel with one another in a single lamellus and angled
What is the organization of collagen fibers between lamellae?
collagen fibers will be angled in the opposite direction such that a spiral - counterspiral organization is observed
What is the average angle of collagen fibers within the annulus fibrosus?
they average 50 to 60 degrees
What cell type is associated with the annulus fibrosus?
fibroblast and fibrocyte
What is the thickest part of the cartilage end plate?
around the periphery
What is the thinnest part of the cartilage end plate?
the central part, over the nucleus pulposus
What is the principal type of collagen fiber within the cartilage end plate?
the type II collagen fiber
What is the direction of collagen fibers within the cartilage end plate?
collagen fibers are aligned anterior to posterior
What is the earliest indicator of intervertebral disc pathology or degeneration?
changes in the histology of the cartilage end plate
What part of the intervertebral disc is innervated?
the outer lamellae of the annulus fibrosus
What are the types of receptor endings in the intervertebral disc?
nociceptors and proprioceptors
What is the relationship between size of the intervertebral disc and receptor endings?
the larger the disc, the greater the variety of receptor endings
What is the proposed function of the receptor ending density in the anterior part of the intervertebral disc?
they provide feedback during extension
What are the sources of innervation of the intervertebral disc?
- the sinu-vertebral nerve (sinus vertebral nerve recurrent meningeal nerve)
- fibers from the ventral primary ramus
- fibers from the white ramus communicans
- fibers from the paradiscal ramus communicans
- fibers from the gray ramus communicans
What is the Latin term for joint?
arthron
What is the study of joints called?
arthology
What is the Latin term for a “tightly bonded together condition”?
syndesmosis
What material was responsible for the “tightly bonded together condition” in the joint?
dense fibrous connective tissue, a ligament
What protein fiber is the dense connective primarily composed of?
collagen fibers which give it a whitish color
Besides collagen, what other proteins are ligaments composed of?
elastin fibers which can give a yellowish tinge to the ligement
What are examples of the typical syndesmosis from the vertebral column?
most of the ligamentous joints of the vertebral column and the ligamentous sacro-iliac joints
What are examples of intracapsular and extracapsular ligaments?
intracapsular ligaments: cruciate ligaments of the knee
extracapsular ligaments: collateral ligaments of the knee
What is the generic function of ligaments?
stimulate reflex contraction of muscles around the joint
What are the common characteristics of type I articular receptors?
- located in the superficial layer of the fibrous capsule,
- resemble Ruffini endings,
- most numerous in cervical zygapophyses, and
- they monitor the joint “at rest”
What are the characteristics of type II articular receptors?
- located in deeper strata of the fibrous capsule,
- resemble Pacinian corpuscles,
- most numerous in the cervical spine, and
- monitor joint during normal range of motion
What is the location of type III articular receptors?
collateral and intrinsic ligaments of many joints,
they were not though to be present along vertebral column
What is the function of type III articular receptors?
they monitor the joint during extreme motion or beyond normal range of motion
What are the characteristics of type III articular receptors?
- present in collateral and intrinsic ligaments,
- resemble Golgi tendon organs,
- not initially observed along vertebral column, and
- monitor extreme joint motion
What is the function of type IV articular receptors?
nociceptive, they monitor pain
Type IVa articular receptors would be present in what locations?
fibrous capsule, articular fat pads, or adventitia of blood vessels
Type IVb articular receptors would be present in what locations?
accessory ligaments in general, dense in the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine
Type IV articular receptors are absent in what part(s) of the synovial (diarthrosis) joint?
synovial membrane, articular cartilage, and synovial menisci or intra-articular discs
What are examples of synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodial) joints?
most zygapophyseal of the vertebral column
- intercarpal, carpomentacarpal, and intermetacarpal joints of the hand
- intercuneiform, tarsometatarsal, and intermetatarsal joints of the foot
What are examples of synovial hinge (diarthrosis ginglymus) joints?
humero-ulnar joint of the elbow and interphalangeal joints of the fingers and toes; temporomandibular joint*
Diarthrosis ginglymus joints are commonly called ____ joints based on action.
synovial hinge
Diarthrosis trochoid joints are commonly called ___ joints based on action.
synovial pivot
What are the examples of synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) joints?
median atlanto-axial joint* and proximal radio-ulnar joint
What is the shared morphological characteristic of diarthrosis trochoid joints?
an osseous pivot point and an osteo-ligamentous ring
What is a common name for the diarthrosis sellar joint?
synovial saddle joint
What are examples of synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar) joint?
carpometacarpal joint of the thumb, talocrural joint of the ankle and the calcaneocuboid joint of the foot
What is an examples of modified synovial saddle/diarthrosis sellar joint?
the joint of Luschka in the cervical spine
What are examples of diarthrosis condylar or diarthrosis bicondylar joints?
temporomandibular joint and femur-tibia joint of the knee
What are examples of diarthrosis ellipsoidal joints?
- radiocarpal joint of the wrist,
- metacarpo-phalangeal joints of the hand,
- metatarsal-phalangeal joints of the foot, and
- the atlanto-occipital joint of the vertebral column
Which synovial joint classifications are now often interchanged in textbooks?
ellipsoidal and condylar synovial joints
What is innervated by the recurrent meningeal/sinu-vertebral/sinus vertebral nerve?
- the outer lamellae of the annulus fibrosus at the posterior part of the IVD
- the PLL
- dura mater
- vessels and CT of epidural space
What innervates the annulus fibrosus at the lateral part of the IVD?
- fibers from the ventral primary ramus,
- fibers from the white ramus communicans,
- fibers from the paradiscal ramus communicans,
- fibers from the gray ramus communicans
What is the name given to the white ramus communicans which becomes embedded within the annulus fibrosus of the IVD?
the paradiscal ramus communicans
How does the IVD help shape the spine?
the anterior height is greater than the posterior height in the cervical and lumbar regions thus creating a lordotic or anterior curve
What is the popular theory of intra-abdominal cavity pressure and IVD response to weight bearing?
increasing the intra-abdominal cavity pressure will diminish the amount of resistance the IVD needs to generate by up to 50%
