Spinal Final Exam: Section XI. Arthology of Vertebral Column----IVD

Question 1

What are the characteristics of a (amphiarthrosis) symphysis?

Answer 1

limited motion, median plane location, support ligaments both anterior and posterior to the joint, more permanent in longevity than synchondrosis, and they occur b/w bones developing by endochondral ossification

Question 2

What are the four consistent features of synovial (diarthrosis) joints

Answer 2

1. articular or fibrous capsule
2. synovial membrane
3. articular cartilage
4. synovial fluid

Question 3

What are the three classifications of synovial membrane?

Answer 3

1. articular synovial membrane
2. vaginal synovial membrane
3. bursal synovial membrane

Question 4

What are the three modifications of articular synovial membrane?

Answer 4

1. synovial villi
2. articular fat pads or Haversian glands
3. synovial menisci and intra-articular discs

Question 5

Articular fat pads are most numerous in what location along the verterbral column?

Answer 5

lumbar zygapophyses

Question 6

Synovial mensici are a feature of what joint examples?

Answer 6

femur-tibia articulation,
cervical zygapophyses, and
lumbar zygapophyses

Question 7

What are the specific functions of Type A synovial cells?

Type B?

Answer 7

are phagocytic

secrete proteinaceous substances and hyaluronic acid

Question 8

What is the primary function of bound glycosaminoglycans in articular cartilage?

Answer 8

form a network for water retention

Question 9

Cartilage is able to change shape due to compression, a characteristic known as___________.

Answer 9

deformation

Question 10

What is implied when cartilage is said to have elastic properties?

Answer 10

cartilage can deform and returns to original volume rapidly, a time independent property

Question 11

What is implied when cartilage is said to have viscoelastic properties?

Answer 11

cartilage can deform but returns to original volume slowly, a time dependent property

Question 12

What are the properties of synovial fluid?

Answer 12

it is yellow-white, viscous, slightly alkaline, and tastes salty

Question 13

Synovial fluid consists of what specific chemical groups?

Answer 13

fats, salts, albumins, and hyaluronate

Question 14

Which substance in synovial fluid was first thought to be responsible for its viscosity and lubricating behavior?

Answer 14

hyaluronate

Question 15

Which substance of synovial fluid has been proposed to be responsible for its viscosity and lubricating behavior?

Answer 15

lubricin

Question 16

What are the common ligaments of the vertebral column?

Answer 16

those ligaments commonly found between vertebral couples from C2/C3 to L4/L5

Question 17

Identify the common ligaments of the vertebral column.

Answer 17

the 9 common ligaments are the:

• anterior longitudinal ligament
• intervertebral disc
• posterior longitudinal ligament
• ligamentum flavum
• capsular ligament
• interspinous ligament
• ligamentum nuchae,
• supraspinous ligament
• intertransverse ligament

Question 18

What is the maximum number of common ligaments identified with a vertebral couple?

Answer 18

eight

Question 19

What is the number of true intervertebral discs identified in the adults?

Answer 19

23

Question 20

In the adult, which vertebral levels will demonstrate a true intervertebral disc?

Answer 20

those between C2 and S1 inclusive

Question 21

What is the cervical nucleus pulposus composed of?

Answer 21

fibrocartilage

Question 22

What is the consequence of non-aggregated glycosaminoglycans in the lumbar nucleus pulposus?

Answer 22

the nucleus pulposus will lose water under deformation conditions

Question 23

What cell is associated with the nucleus pulposus until about age eleven?

Answer 23

notochord cells

Question 24

Which type of collagen is dominant in the nucleus pulposus?

Answer 24

collagen type II

Question 25

What is the organization pattern for collagen fibers in the nucleus pulposus?

Answer 25

they are irregularly oriented and randomly scattered

Question 26

What is unusual about the cervical annulus fibrosus?

Answer 26

it lacks any lamellar or layered organization

Question 27

What is the appearance of the cervical annulus fibrosus?

Answer 27

a horse-shoe with the anterior margin thick and the lateral margins tapering to the uncinate processes; the posterior margin is thin

Question 28

What compensates for the thinness of the posterior part of the cervical annulus fibrosus?

Answer 28

posterior longitudinal ligament

Question 29

What is the organization of the lumbar annulus fibrosus?

Answer 29

it has 12-14 concentric cylindrical lamellae

Question 30

Why is the posterior part of the lumbar annulus fibrosus more susceptible to rupture, herniation, prolapse, or protrusion?

Answer 30

the posterior margin of each lamellus is thin and the posterior longitudinal ligament is also less developed

Question 31

What is the consequences of aggregated glycosaminoglycans in the lumbar annulus fibrosus?

Answer 31

the annulus fibrosis will retain water under deformation conditions

Question 32

Which type of collagen is dominant in the annulus fibrosus?

Answer 32

collagen type I

Question 33

What is the organizational pattern for collagen fibers in the annulus fibrosus?

Answer 33

they are parallel with one another in a single lamellus and angled

Question 34

What is the organization of collagen fibers between lamellae?

Answer 34

collagen fibers will be angled in the opposite direction such that a spiral - counterspiral organization is observed

Question 35

What is the average angle of collagen fibers within the annulus fibrosus?

Answer 35

they average 50 to 60 degrees

Question 36

What cell type is associated with the annulus fibrosus?

Answer 36

fibroblast and fibrocyte

Question 37

What is the thickest part of the cartilage end plate?

Answer 37

around the periphery

Question 38

What is the thinnest part of the cartilage end plate?

Answer 38

the central part, over the nucleus pulposus

Question 39

What is the principal type of collagen fiber within the cartilage end plate?

Answer 39

the type II collagen fiber

Question 40

What is the direction of collagen fibers within the cartilage end plate?

Answer 40

collagen fibers are aligned anterior to posterior

Question 41

What is the earliest indicator of intervertebral disc pathology or degeneration?

Answer 41

changes in the histology of the cartilage end plate

Question 42

What part of the intervertebral disc is innervated?

Answer 42

the outer lamellae of the annulus fibrosus

Question 43

What are the types of receptor endings in the intervertebral disc?

Answer 43

nociceptors and proprioceptors

Question 44

What is the relationship between size of the intervertebral disc and receptor endings?

Answer 44

the larger the disc, the greater the variety of receptor endings

Question 45

What is the proposed function of the receptor ending density in the anterior part of the intervertebral disc?

Answer 45

they provide feedback during extension

Question 46

What are the sources of innervation of the intervertebral disc?

Answer 46

- the sinu-vertebral nerve (sinus vertebral nerve recurrent meningeal nerve) - fibers from the ventral primary ramus - fibers from the white ramus communicans - fibers from the paradiscal ramus communicans - fibers from the gray ramus communicans

Question 47

What is the Latin term for joint?

Answer 47

arthron

Question 48

What is the study of joints called?

Answer 48

arthology

Question 49

What is the Latin term for a "tightly bonded together condition"?

Answer 49

syndesmosis

Question 50

What material was responsible for the "tightly bonded together condition" in the joint?

Answer 50

dense fibrous connective tissue, a ligament

Question 51

What protein fiber is the dense connective primarily composed of?

Answer 51

collagen fibers which give it a whitish color

Question 52

Besides collagen, what other proteins are ligaments composed of?

Answer 52

elastin fibers which can give a yellowish tinge to the ligement

Question 53

What are examples of the typical syndesmosis from the vertebral column?

Answer 53

most of the ligamentous joints of the vertebral column and the ligamentous sacro-iliac joints

Question 54

What are examples of intracapsular and extracapsular ligaments?

Answer 54

intracapsular ligaments: cruciate ligaments of the knee | extracapsular ligaments: collateral ligaments of the knee

Question 55

What is the generic function of ligaments?

Answer 55

stimulate reflex contraction of muscles around the joint

Question 56

What are the common characteristics of type I articular receptors?

Answer 56

- located in the superficial layer of the fibrous capsule, - resemble Ruffini endings, - most numerous in cervical zygapophyses, and - they monitor the joint "at rest"

Question 57

What are the characteristics of type II articular receptors?

Answer 57

- located in deeper strata of the fibrous capsule, - resemble Pacinian corpuscles, - most numerous in the cervical spine, and - monitor joint during normal range of motion

Question 58

What is the location of type III articular receptors?

Answer 58

collateral and intrinsic ligaments of many joints, | they were not though to be present along vertebral column

Question 59

What is the function of type III articular receptors?

Answer 59

they monitor the joint during extreme motion or beyond normal range of motion

Question 60

What are the characteristics of type III articular receptors?

Answer 60

- present in collateral and intrinsic ligaments, - resemble Golgi tendon organs, - not initially observed along vertebral column, and - monitor extreme joint motion

Question 61

What is the function of type IV articular receptors?

Answer 61

nociceptive, they monitor pain

Question 62

Type IVa articular receptors would be present in what locations?

Answer 62

fibrous capsule, articular fat pads, or adventitia of blood vessels

Question 63

Type IVb articular receptors would be present in what locations?

Answer 63

accessory ligaments in general, dense in the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine

Question 64

Type IV articular receptors are absent in what part(s) of the synovial (diarthrosis) joint?

Answer 64

synovial membrane, articular cartilage, and synovial menisci or intra-articular discs

Question 65

What are examples of synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodial) joints?

Answer 65

most zygapophyseal of the vertebral column - intercarpal, carpomentacarpal, and intermetacarpal joints of the hand - intercuneiform, tarsometatarsal, and intermetatarsal joints of the foot

Question 66

What are examples of synovial hinge (diarthrosis ginglymus) joints?

Answer 66

humero-ulnar joint of the elbow and interphalangeal joints of the fingers and toes; temporomandibular joint*

Question 67

Diarthrosis ginglymus joints are commonly called ____ joints based on action.

Answer 67

synovial hinge

Question 68

Diarthrosis trochoid joints are commonly called ___ joints based on action.

Answer 68

synovial pivot

Question 69

What are the examples of synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) joints?

Answer 69

median atlanto-axial joint* and proximal radio-ulnar joint

Question 70

What is the shared morphological characteristic of diarthrosis trochoid joints?

Answer 70

an osseous pivot point and an osteo-ligamentous ring

Question 71

What is a common name for the diarthrosis sellar joint?

Answer 71

synovial saddle joint

Question 72

What are examples of synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar) joint?

Answer 72

carpometacarpal joint of the thumb, talocrural joint of the ankle and the calcaneocuboid joint of the foot

Question 73

What is an examples of modified synovial saddle/diarthrosis sellar joint?

Answer 73

the joint of Luschka in the cervical spine

Question 74

What are examples of diarthrosis condylar or diarthrosis bicondylar joints?

Answer 74

temporomandibular joint and femur-tibia joint of the knee

Question 75

What are examples of diarthrosis ellipsoidal joints?

Answer 75

- radiocarpal joint of the wrist, - metacarpo-phalangeal joints of the hand, - metatarsal-phalangeal joints of the foot, and - the atlanto-occipital joint of the vertebral column

Question 76

Which synovial joint classifications are now often interchanged in textbooks?

Answer 76

ellipsoidal and condylar synovial joints

Question 77

What is innervated by the recurrent meningeal/sinu-vertebral/sinus vertebral nerve?

Answer 77

- the outer lamellae of the annulus fibrosus at the posterior part of the IVD - the PLL - dura mater - vessels and CT of epidural space

Question 78

What innervates the annulus fibrosus at the lateral part of the IVD?

Answer 78

- fibers from the ventral primary ramus, - fibers from the white ramus communicans, - fibers from the paradiscal ramus communicans, - fibers from the gray ramus communicans

Question 79

What is the name given to the white ramus communicans which becomes embedded within the annulus fibrosus of the IVD?

Answer 79

the paradiscal ramus communicans

Question 80

How does the IVD help shape the spine?

Answer 80

the anterior height is greater than the posterior height in the cervical and lumbar regions thus creating a lordotic or anterior curve

Question 81

What is the popular theory of intra-abdominal cavity pressure and IVD response to weight bearing?

Answer 81

increasing the intra-abdominal cavity pressure will diminish the amount of resistance the IVD needs to generate by up to 50%