Spinal Exam 1: Unit IV Flashcards
Basic Osteology of the Vertebral Column, Sternum, and Ribs
What osseous modifications is observed to the front of the anterior arch of C1?
the anterior tubercle
What is observed on the back of the anterior arch of C1?
the fovea dentis
What attaches behind the anterior arch of C1?
the lateral mass
What is the name of the rounded elevation on the medial aspect of the lateral mass of C1?
tubercle for the transverse atlantal ligament
What is identified in the midline at the back of the posterior arch of C1?
the posterior tubercle (of the posterior arch)
What superior surface modification of the posterior arch of C1 is present near the lateral mass?
groove/sulcus for the vertebral artery
What superior surface modification is present near the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch of C1?
the arcuate rim
What attaches to the arcuate rim of the posterior arch of atlas and to the superior articular process of the lateral mass of atlas?
a complete ponticulus posticus
Based on the amount of body union between the superior articular process and the arcuate rim of C1 what structure will form?
an incomplete ponticulus posticus or a complete ponticulus posticus
What names are given to the opening formed by the ponticulus posticus?
arcuate foramen or retroarticular canal
What is observed on the undersurface of the posterior arch of C1?
the inferior vertebral notch
What is the name given to the anterior part of the transverse process of C1?
the costal element
What is the name given to the posterior part of the transverse process of C1?
true transverse process
What is the distal most part of the transverse process of C1?
Posterior tubercle
What unique verebral body modificaiton is characteristic of C2?
the dens or odontoid process
What surfaces are present on the odontoid process of C2?
facet for fovea dentis
groove for transver atlantal ligament
attachment sites for alar ligaments
attachment site for apical-dental ligament
What feature is identified on the anterior surface of the vertebral body of C2?
the longus colli muscle attachment
What feature is identified on the anterior surface of the inferior epiphyseal rim of C2?
the anterior lip
What feature is identified on the posterior surface of the inferior epiphyseal rim of C2?
the posterior lip
What features are present at the lateral margins of the inferior epiphyseal rim of C2?
right and left lateral grooves
What features arise form the posteriolateral margins of the vertebral body of C2?
the pedicles
What lies on the upper surface of the pedicle of C2?
the superior articular process
What is the location of the superior vertebral notch of C2?
on the lamina-pedicle junction
What feature is identified on the lower articular process of C2?
the inferior vertebral notch or inferior vertebral incisure
What is the location of the inferior articular process of C2?
on the lamina-pedicle junction behind the inferior vertebral notch
What osseous parts of the typcial cervical transverse process are present on C2?
costal element, posterior tubercle, and true transverse process
What is the characteristic appearance of the C2 spinous process in humans?
it is bifid
What are the modifications of the superior epihyseal rim of a typical cervical?
anterior groove, posterior groove, right and left unciate processes
What are the names of the lateral modifications of the superior epiphyseal rim of a typical cervical?
uncinate process, unciform process, uncovertebral process, uncus or lateral lip
What are the modifications of the inferior epiphyseal rim of a typical cervical?
anterior lip, posterior lip, right and left lateral grooves
What bony feature is attached to the posterior end of the pedicle?
the articular pillar
What is the name of the surface feature observed between the ends of the articular pillar?
the groove/sulcus for the dorsal ramus of a cervical spinal nerve
What ligament attaches to the lamina of a typical cervical?
ligamentum flavum
Ossification of the ligamentum flavum at the attachment site on the lamina will result in what feature?
para-articular process
List, in order, the osseous part of the typical cervical vertebra transverse process beginning at the vertebral body
costal element anterior tubercle costotransverse bar posterior tubercle true transverse process
What is the name given to the superior margin of the costotransverse bar?
sulcus for the ventral primary ramus of a cervical spinal nerve
What is the name given to the modification of the anterior tubercle of at the C6 transverse process?
the carotid tubercle
What is the usual conditions for the Caucasian typical cervical spinous process?
the are bifid
What is the usual condition for the African-american typical cervical spinous process?
they are non-bifid
What surfaces are present on the superior epiphyseal rim of the vertebral body of C7?
anterior groove
posterior groove
right and left uncinate processes
What is the appearance of the inferior surface of the vertebral body of C7?
typically flat, typically lacking anterior and posterior lips characteristic of the typical cervicals
What are the osseous parts of the transverse process of C7?
costal element, anterior tubercle, costotransverse bar, posterior tubercle, true transverse process
What are the features of the spinous process of C7?
long, horizontal, nonbifid
What is the outline of the vertebral body of T1 from superior view?
somewhat rectangular with curved anterior margins
What is the appearance of the superior surface of the vertebral body of T1?
it is somewhat cup-shaped with elevations at the posterior and lateral margin
What is the appearance of the inferior surface of the vertebral body of T1?
typically flat, lacking anterior and posterior lips characteristic of the cervicals
What surfaces are present on the upper and lower margins of the T1 vertebral body?
the right and left superior costal facet and right and left inferior costal demi-facet
What is present on the transverse tubercle of T1?
the transverse costal facet
What is the angulation of the spinous processes of T1?
the undersurface of the T1 spinous processes will be nearly horizontal
What features will allow discrimination b/w T2-T4 and T5-T8 segmental groups?
the vertebral body, transverse process, articular process and spinous process
On cranial view, what is the outline of the vertebral body for the T2-T4 group?
the vertebral body will have bilaterally convex sides
On cranial view, hat is the outline of the vertebral body for the T5-T8 group?
the left side of the vertebral body will be flattened, the right side convex
What is the name given to the left side appearance of the vertebral body of T5-T8?
the aortic impression
What part of the vertebral body is most influenced by the aorta at T5-T8?
the left side superior and inferior epiphyseal rims
What synovial joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
the right and left superior and the right and left inferior costal demi-facets
What is the distance between the transverse tubercles in the typical thoracic region?
from T2 each transverse diameter becomes shorter as the transverse processes angle more posterior
What is present on the transverse tubercle of a typical thoracic?
the transverse costal facet
How do the transverse diameters of the articular processes compare in the T2-T4 region?
the superior articular process transverse diameter is greater than the inferior articular process transverse diameter for a given segment
How do the transverse diameters of the articular processes compare in the T5-T8 region?
the superior articular process transverse diameter is the same as or equal to the inferior articular process transverse diameter for a given segment
What name is given to the region between the superior and inferior articular processes in the typical thoracics?
the pars interarticularis
What part of a vertebra arises laterally from the pars interarticularis?
the transverse process
What part of the vertebra arises medially from the pars interarticularis?
the lamina
What is the orientation of the spinous process of a typical thoracic?
they slant backward and downward
Which vertebrae will have a spinous process angulation of up to forty degrees?
T2-T4
Which vertebrae will have a spinous process angulation of up to sixty degrees?
T5-T8
What synovial joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of T9?
right and left superior costal demi-facets; right and left inferior costal demi-facets
Which synovial joint surfaces may be absent from the vertebral body of T9?
inferior costal demi-facets
What is present on the transverse tubercle on T9?
the transverse costal facet
What is the orientation of the spinous process of T9?
posterior and slightly inferior, it will shorten and become more horizontal
What synovial joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of T10?
the right and left superior costal facet
Which synovial joint surface is absent form the vertebral body of T10?
inferior costal demi-facets
What is the position and direction of the pedicle from the vertebral body at T10?
the pedicle arises from the upper third of the vertebral body and projects posterior and slightly laterally
What feature is very commonly observed on the lamina of T10?
para-articular processes
What part of the transverse process may be absent on T10?
the transverse costal facet
What is the orientation of the spinous process of T10?
posterior and slightly inferior, it will shorten and become more horizontal
What synovial joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of T11?
the right and left superior costal facet
Which synovial joint surface is absent from the vertebral body of T11?
The inferior costal demi-facets
What part of the transverse process is absent on T11?
the transverse costal facet
What is the orientation of the spinous process of T11?
posterior and horizontal along the undersurface
What is the outline of the vertebral body of T12 on superior view?
kidney-shaped or reniform
What synovial joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of T12?
the right and left superior costal facet
Which synovial surface is absent from the vertebral body of T12?
inferior costal demi-facets
Which tubercle of T12 represents the transverse process?
the lateral tubercle
Which tubercle on T12 represents the mammillary process of the lumbars?
the superior tubercle
Which tubercle on T12 represents the accessory process of the lumbars?
the inferior tubercle
What joint surface of the typical thoracic transverse process is absent on T12?
the transverse costal facet
What is the curvature of the inferior articular facets of T12?
they are significantly convex
What is the orientation of the spinous process of T12?
posterior and horizontal
What is the generic shape of the typical lumbar vertebral body form the cranial view?
reniform or kidney-shaped
The pedicle attaches at what location on the vertebral body of a typical lumbar?
to the upper third or half of the vertebral body
What is the name of the elevation near the origin of the lumbar transverse process?
accessory process
What is the name of the lamina-pedicle junction of typical lumbar vertebra?
pars interarticularis
What is the name given to the projection on the lumbar superior articular process?
mammillary process
What characteristics of teh L1-L4 pedicle may be used to differentiate it from the L5 segment? Be specific and complete as the difference(s) on a segment from each group.
On cranial view, the lateral surface of the pedicle is apparent on L1-L4 segment.
At L5 the transverse process originates form the vertebral body, pedicle and lamina-pedicle region.
What is the generic direction and length of the fifth lumbar transverse process?
it is directed straight lateral and is the shortest of all lumbar transverse processes
What is the typical number of segments that unite to form the adult sacrum?
5 segments
What forms the median sacral crest?
fused spinous processes and their spinous tubercles
What forms the intermediate sacral crest?
fused articular processes and their facets
What features may be identified along the intermediate sacral crest?
the mammillary process of S1 and the sacral cornu of S5
What does the sacral cornu represent?
the inferior articular process and facet of S5
What is the name of the inferior opening of the sacral spinal canal?
the sacral hiatus
An imaginary line drawn down from the transverse process of S1 to the inferior lateral sacral angle will form what feature?
the lateral sacral crest
What is the sacral tuberosity?
the enlarged transverse tubercle of S2
What feature is associated with the transverse tubercle of S5?
the inferior and lateral (inferolateral) sacral angle
From the anterior view, the intervertebral discs of sacrum will be replaced by what feature?
transverse ridges
What feature is identified on the lateral surface of S1-S3?
auricular surface
What is the name given to the region of bone extending laterally from the S1 vertebral body looking from the base view?
sacral ala
What forms the sacral ala?
the costal element and true transverse process
What is the typical number of segments that unite to form the adult coccyx?
4 segments
What bony features are present on the coccyx?
all segments are represented by a “vertebral body”; in addition, Co1 has a coccygeal cornu and transverse process
What is the homolog of the superior articular process and facet on Co1?
coccygeal cornu
What feature is present at the top of the manubrium sterni?
jugular notch (suprasternal notch)
What is the name given to the articular site at the superolateral margin of the manubrium sterni?
clavicular notch
What names are given to the articular sites for the joint with the first and second rib?
costal notch I for the first rib costal cartilage;
costal notch II for the second rib costal cartilage
How many sternabrae for the corpus sterni?
4 sternabrae
What surface feature on the corpus sterni identifies the location of the old synchondroses?
transverse lines
What articular sites for the costal cartilage of ribs will be identified on the corpus sterni?
costal notches II-VII
What are the primary parts of the vertebral end of a typical rib?
the head, neck, and tubercle
What names are given to the articular surfaces on the head of a typical rib based on location?
superior articular surface/facet and inferior articular surface/facet
What feature of the head of a rib separates the superior from inferior articular surface/facet?
the interarticular crest
What features may be identified on the neck of the typical rib?
the crest of the rib
Which feature of the tubercle of a typical rib is closer to the head of the rib?
the articular surface of the tubercle
Which feature of the tubercle of a typical rib is closer to the shaft of the rib?
the non-articular surface of the tubercle
What features may be identified on the body (corpus or shaft) of a typical rib?
the costal angle and costal groove
What is present on the head of the first rib?
a single articular surface
Is there a crest on the neck of the first rib?
not a well-developed one like on the typical rib
What is unique about the body (corpus or shaft) of the first rib?
the body (corpus or shaft) of the first rib is flattened and has a scalene tubercle flanked by the groove for the subclavian artery and the groove for the subclavian vein
Which groove on the body (corpus or shaft) of the first rib is close to the vertebral end?
the groove for the subclavian artery and the first thoracic nerve
Which groove on the body (corpus or shaft) of the first rib is close to the sternal end?
the groove for the subclavian vein
Is either the costal angle or costal groove apparent on the first rib?
neither the costal angle nor the costal groove are apparent on the first rib
What features may be identified on the head of rib 2?
two articular surfaces and the interarticular crest
What names are given to the articular surfaces on the head of rib 2 based on location?
superior articular surface/facet and inferior articular surface/facet
What feature may be identified on the neck of rib 2?
the crest of the rib
What feature may be identified on the tubercle of rib 2?
the articular surface of the tubercle and the non-articular surface of the tubercle
What is the costal angle of the rib?
the location on the body (corpus or shaft) of the rib where there is a directional change toward the sternum
What unique feature is present on the body (corpus or shaft) of the second rib?
the tuberosity for the serratus anterior
What distinguishes the vertebral end of rib 11 from typical ribs?
the single articular surface, absence of a well-developed crest on the neck and the tubercle may be absent or if present, consists only of a non-articular surface
What features may be present on the body (corpus or shaft) of the eleventh rib?
the costal angle and costal groove are under-developed
What is the appearance of the sternal end of the eleventh rib?
it is somewhat pointed
What helps to distinguish the vertebral end of the twelfth rib from other ribs?
the head has a single articular surface, the crest of the neck is poorly developed, the tubercle is absent
What is the condition of the body (corpus or shaft) of rib 12?
the costal angle and costal groove are absent and it is the shortest of all ribs
What is the appearance of the sternal end of the twelfth rib?
the sternal end is pointed
