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Spinal Anatomy -- Morter > Spinal Exam 1: Unit IV > Flashcards

Spinal Exam 1: Unit IV Flashcards

Basic Osteology of the Vertebral Column, Sternum, and Ribs

1
Q

What osseous modifications is observed to the front of the anterior arch of C1?

A

the anterior tubercle

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2
Q

What is observed on the back of the anterior arch of C1?

A

the fovea dentis

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3
Q

What attaches behind the anterior arch of C1?

A

the lateral mass

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4
Q

What is the name of the rounded elevation on the medial aspect of the lateral mass of C1?

A

tubercle for the transverse atlantal ligament

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5
Q

What is identified in the midline at the back of the posterior arch of C1?

A

the posterior tubercle (of the posterior arch)

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6
Q

What superior surface modification of the posterior arch of C1 is present near the lateral mass?

A

groove/sulcus for the vertebral artery

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7
Q

What superior surface modification is present near the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch of C1?

A

the arcuate rim

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8
Q

What attaches to the arcuate rim of the posterior arch of atlas and to the superior articular process of the lateral mass of atlas?

A

a complete ponticulus posticus

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9
Q

Based on the amount of body union between the superior articular process and the arcuate rim of C1 what structure will form?

A

an incomplete ponticulus posticus or a complete ponticulus posticus

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10
Q

What names are given to the opening formed by the ponticulus posticus?

A

arcuate foramen or retroarticular canal

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11
Q

What is observed on the undersurface of the posterior arch of C1?

A

the inferior vertebral notch

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12
Q

What is the name given to the anterior part of the transverse process of C1?

A

the costal element

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13
Q

What is the name given to the posterior part of the transverse process of C1?

A

true transverse process

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14
Q

What is the distal most part of the transverse process of C1?

A

Posterior tubercle

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15
Q

What unique verebral body modificaiton is characteristic of C2?

A

the dens or odontoid process

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16
Q

What surfaces are present on the odontoid process of C2?

A

facet for fovea dentis
groove for transver atlantal ligament
attachment sites for alar ligaments
attachment site for apical-dental ligament

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17
Q

What feature is identified on the anterior surface of the vertebral body of C2?

A

the longus colli muscle attachment

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18
Q

What feature is identified on the anterior surface of the inferior epiphyseal rim of C2?

A

the anterior lip

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19
Q

What feature is identified on the posterior surface of the inferior epiphyseal rim of C2?

A

the posterior lip

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20
Q

What features are present at the lateral margins of the inferior epiphyseal rim of C2?

A

right and left lateral grooves

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21
Q

What features arise form the posteriolateral margins of the vertebral body of C2?

A

the pedicles

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22
Q

What lies on the upper surface of the pedicle of C2?

A

the superior articular process

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23
Q

What is the location of the superior vertebral notch of C2?

A

on the lamina-pedicle junction

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24
Q

What feature is identified on the lower articular process of C2?

A

the inferior vertebral notch or inferior vertebral incisure

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25
Q

What is the location of the inferior articular process of C2?

A

on the lamina-pedicle junction behind the inferior vertebral notch

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26
Q

What osseous parts of the typcial cervical transverse process are present on C2?

A

costal element, posterior tubercle, and true transverse process

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27
Q

What is the characteristic appearance of the C2 spinous process in humans?

A

it is bifid

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28
Q

What are the modifications of the superior epihyseal rim of a typical cervical?

A

anterior groove, posterior groove, right and left unciate processes

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29
Q

What are the names of the lateral modifications of the superior epiphyseal rim of a typical cervical?

A

uncinate process, unciform process, uncovertebral process, uncus or lateral lip

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30
Q

What are the modifications of the inferior epiphyseal rim of a typical cervical?

A

anterior lip, posterior lip, right and left lateral grooves

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31
Q

What bony feature is attached to the posterior end of the pedicle?

A

the articular pillar

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32
Q

What is the name of the surface feature observed between the ends of the articular pillar?

A

the groove/sulcus for the dorsal ramus of a cervical spinal nerve

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33
Q

What ligament attaches to the lamina of a typical cervical?

A

ligamentum flavum

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34
Q

Ossification of the ligamentum flavum at the attachment site on the lamina will result in what feature?

A

para-articular process

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35
Q

List, in order, the osseous part of the typical cervical vertebra transverse process beginning at the vertebral body

A 
costal element
anterior tubercle
costotransverse bar
posterior tubercle
true transverse process
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36
Q

What is the name given to the superior margin of the costotransverse bar?

A

sulcus for the ventral primary ramus of a cervical spinal nerve

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37
Q

What is the name given to the modification of the anterior tubercle of at the C6 transverse process?

A

the carotid tubercle

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38
Q

What is the usual conditions for the Caucasian typical cervical spinous process?

A

the are bifid

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39
Q

What is the usual condition for the African-american typical cervical spinous process?

A

they are non-bifid

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40
Q

What surfaces are present on the superior epiphyseal rim of the vertebral body of C7?

A

anterior groove
posterior groove
right and left uncinate processes

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41
Q

What is the appearance of the inferior surface of the vertebral body of C7?

A

typically flat, typically lacking anterior and posterior lips characteristic of the typical cervicals

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42
Q

What are the osseous parts of the transverse process of C7?

A

costal element, anterior tubercle, costotransverse bar, posterior tubercle, true transverse process

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43
Q

What are the features of the spinous process of C7?

A

long, horizontal, nonbifid

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44
Q

What is the outline of the vertebral body of T1 from superior view?

A

somewhat rectangular with curved anterior margins

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45
Q

What is the appearance of the superior surface of the vertebral body of T1?

A

it is somewhat cup-shaped with elevations at the posterior and lateral margin

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46
Q

What is the appearance of the inferior surface of the vertebral body of T1?

A

typically flat, lacking anterior and posterior lips characteristic of the cervicals

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47
Q

What surfaces are present on the upper and lower margins of the T1 vertebral body?

A

the right and left superior costal facet and right and left inferior costal demi-facet

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48
Q

What is present on the transverse tubercle of T1?

A

the transverse costal facet

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49
Q

What is the angulation of the spinous processes of T1?

A

the undersurface of the T1 spinous processes will be nearly horizontal

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50
Q

What features will allow discrimination b/w T2-T4 and T5-T8 segmental groups?

A

the vertebral body, transverse process, articular process and spinous process

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51
Q

On cranial view, what is the outline of the vertebral body for the T2-T4 group?

A

the vertebral body will have bilaterally convex sides

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52
Q

On cranial view, hat is the outline of the vertebral body for the T5-T8 group?

A

the left side of the vertebral body will be flattened, the right side convex

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53
Q

What is the name given to the left side appearance of the vertebral body of T5-T8?

A

the aortic impression

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54
Q

What part of the vertebral body is most influenced by the aorta at T5-T8?

A

the left side superior and inferior epiphyseal rims

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55
Q

What synovial joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?

A

the right and left superior and the right and left inferior costal demi-facets

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56
Q

What is the distance between the transverse tubercles in the typical thoracic region?

A

from T2 each transverse diameter becomes shorter as the transverse processes angle more posterior

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57
Q

What is present on the transverse tubercle of a typical thoracic?

A

the transverse costal facet

58
Q

How do the transverse diameters of the articular processes compare in the T2-T4 region?

A

the superior articular process transverse diameter is greater than the inferior articular process transverse diameter for a given segment

59
Q

How do the transverse diameters of the articular processes compare in the T5-T8 region?

A

the superior articular process transverse diameter is the same as or equal to the inferior articular process transverse diameter for a given segment

60
Q

What name is given to the region between the superior and inferior articular processes in the typical thoracics?

A

the pars interarticularis

61
Q

What part of a vertebra arises laterally from the pars interarticularis?

A

the transverse process

62
Q

What part of the vertebra arises medially from the pars interarticularis?

A

the lamina

63
Q

What is the orientation of the spinous process of a typical thoracic?

A

they slant backward and downward

64
Q

Which vertebrae will have a spinous process angulation of up to forty degrees?

A

T2-T4

65
Q

Which vertebrae will have a spinous process angulation of up to sixty degrees?

A

T5-T8

66
Q

What synovial joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of T9?

A

right and left superior costal demi-facets; right and left inferior costal demi-facets

67
Q

Which synovial joint surfaces may be absent from the vertebral body of T9?

A

inferior costal demi-facets

68
Q

What is present on the transverse tubercle on T9?

A

the transverse costal facet

69
Q

What is the orientation of the spinous process of T9?

A

posterior and slightly inferior, it will shorten and become more horizontal

70
Q

What synovial joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of T10?

A

the right and left superior costal facet

71
Q

Which synovial joint surface is absent form the vertebral body of T10?

A

inferior costal demi-facets

72
Q

What is the position and direction of the pedicle from the vertebral body at T10?

A

the pedicle arises from the upper third of the vertebral body and projects posterior and slightly laterally

73
Q

What feature is very commonly observed on the lamina of T10?

A

para-articular processes

74
Q

What part of the transverse process may be absent on T10?

A

the transverse costal facet

75
Q

What is the orientation of the spinous process of T10?

A

posterior and slightly inferior, it will shorten and become more horizontal

76
Q

What synovial joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of T11?

A

the right and left superior costal facet

77
Q

Which synovial joint surface is absent from the vertebral body of T11?

A

The inferior costal demi-facets

78
Q

What part of the transverse process is absent on T11?

A

the transverse costal facet

79
Q

What is the orientation of the spinous process of T11?

A

posterior and horizontal along the undersurface

80
Q

What is the outline of the vertebral body of T12 on superior view?

A

kidney-shaped or reniform

81
Q

What synovial joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of T12?

A

the right and left superior costal facet

82
Q

Which synovial surface is absent from the vertebral body of T12?

A

inferior costal demi-facets

83
Q

Which tubercle of T12 represents the transverse process?

A

the lateral tubercle

84
Q

Which tubercle on T12 represents the mammillary process of the lumbars?

A

the superior tubercle

85
Q

Which tubercle on T12 represents the accessory process of the lumbars?

A

the inferior tubercle

86
Q

What joint surface of the typical thoracic transverse process is absent on T12?

A

the transverse costal facet

87
Q

What is the curvature of the inferior articular facets of T12?

A

they are significantly convex

88
Q

What is the orientation of the spinous process of T12?

A

posterior and horizontal

89
Q

What is the generic shape of the typical lumbar vertebral body form the cranial view?

A

reniform or kidney-shaped

90
Q

The pedicle attaches at what location on the vertebral body of a typical lumbar?

A

to the upper third or half of the vertebral body

91
Q

What is the name of the elevation near the origin of the lumbar transverse process?

A

accessory process

92
Q

What is the name of the lamina-pedicle junction of typical lumbar vertebra?

A

pars interarticularis

93
Q

What is the name given to the projection on the lumbar superior articular process?

A

mammillary process

94
Q

What characteristics of teh L1-L4 pedicle may be used to differentiate it from the L5 segment? Be specific and complete as the difference(s) on a segment from each group.

A

On cranial view, the lateral surface of the pedicle is apparent on L1-L4 segment.
At L5 the transverse process originates form the vertebral body, pedicle and lamina-pedicle region.

95
Q

What is the generic direction and length of the fifth lumbar transverse process?

A

it is directed straight lateral and is the shortest of all lumbar transverse processes

96
Q

What is the typical number of segments that unite to form the adult sacrum?

A

5 segments

97
Q

What forms the median sacral crest?

A

fused spinous processes and their spinous tubercles

98
Q

What forms the intermediate sacral crest?

A

fused articular processes and their facets

99
Q

What features may be identified along the intermediate sacral crest?

A

the mammillary process of S1 and the sacral cornu of S5

100
Q

What does the sacral cornu represent?

A

the inferior articular process and facet of S5

101
Q

What is the name of the inferior opening of the sacral spinal canal?

A

the sacral hiatus

102
Q

An imaginary line drawn down from the transverse process of S1 to the inferior lateral sacral angle will form what feature?

A

the lateral sacral crest

103
Q

What is the sacral tuberosity?

A

the enlarged transverse tubercle of S2

104
Q

What feature is associated with the transverse tubercle of S5?

A

the inferior and lateral (inferolateral) sacral angle

105
Q

From the anterior view, the intervertebral discs of sacrum will be replaced by what feature?

A

transverse ridges

106
Q

What feature is identified on the lateral surface of S1-S3?

A

auricular surface

107
Q

What is the name given to the region of bone extending laterally from the S1 vertebral body looking from the base view?

A

sacral ala

108
Q

What forms the sacral ala?

A

the costal element and true transverse process

109
Q

What is the typical number of segments that unite to form the adult coccyx?

A

4 segments

110
Q

What bony features are present on the coccyx?

A

all segments are represented by a “vertebral body”; in addition, Co1 has a coccygeal cornu and transverse process

111
Q

What is the homolog of the superior articular process and facet on Co1?

A

coccygeal cornu

112
Q

What feature is present at the top of the manubrium sterni?

A

jugular notch (suprasternal notch)

113
Q

What is the name given to the articular site at the superolateral margin of the manubrium sterni?

A

clavicular notch

114
Q

What names are given to the articular sites for the joint with the first and second rib?

A

costal notch I for the first rib costal cartilage;

costal notch II for the second rib costal cartilage

115
Q

How many sternabrae for the corpus sterni?

A

4 sternabrae

116
Q

What surface feature on the corpus sterni identifies the location of the old synchondroses?

A

transverse lines

117
Q

What articular sites for the costal cartilage of ribs will be identified on the corpus sterni?

A

costal notches II-VII

118
Q

What are the primary parts of the vertebral end of a typical rib?

A

the head, neck, and tubercle

119
Q

What names are given to the articular surfaces on the head of a typical rib based on location?

A

superior articular surface/facet and inferior articular surface/facet

120
Q

What feature of the head of a rib separates the superior from inferior articular surface/facet?

A

the interarticular crest

121
Q

What features may be identified on the neck of the typical rib?

A

the crest of the rib

122
Q

Which feature of the tubercle of a typical rib is closer to the head of the rib?

A

the articular surface of the tubercle

123
Q

Which feature of the tubercle of a typical rib is closer to the shaft of the rib?

A

the non-articular surface of the tubercle

124
Q

What features may be identified on the body (corpus or shaft) of a typical rib?

A

the costal angle and costal groove

125
Q

What is present on the head of the first rib?

A

a single articular surface

126
Q

Is there a crest on the neck of the first rib?

A

not a well-developed one like on the typical rib

127
Q

What is unique about the body (corpus or shaft) of the first rib?

A

the body (corpus or shaft) of the first rib is flattened and has a scalene tubercle flanked by the groove for the subclavian artery and the groove for the subclavian vein

128
Q

Which groove on the body (corpus or shaft) of the first rib is close to the vertebral end?

A

the groove for the subclavian artery and the first thoracic nerve

129
Q

Which groove on the body (corpus or shaft) of the first rib is close to the sternal end?

A

the groove for the subclavian vein

130
Q

Is either the costal angle or costal groove apparent on the first rib?

A

neither the costal angle nor the costal groove are apparent on the first rib

131
Q

What features may be identified on the head of rib 2?

A

two articular surfaces and the interarticular crest

132
Q

What names are given to the articular surfaces on the head of rib 2 based on location?

A

superior articular surface/facet and inferior articular surface/facet

133
Q

What feature may be identified on the neck of rib 2?

A

the crest of the rib

134
Q

What feature may be identified on the tubercle of rib 2?

A

the articular surface of the tubercle and the non-articular surface of the tubercle

135
Q

What is the costal angle of the rib?

A

the location on the body (corpus or shaft) of the rib where there is a directional change toward the sternum

136
Q

What unique feature is present on the body (corpus or shaft) of the second rib?

A

the tuberosity for the serratus anterior

137
Q

What distinguishes the vertebral end of rib 11 from typical ribs?

A

the single articular surface, absence of a well-developed crest on the neck and the tubercle may be absent or if present, consists only of a non-articular surface

138
Q

What features may be present on the body (corpus or shaft) of the eleventh rib?

A

the costal angle and costal groove are under-developed

139
Q

What is the appearance of the sternal end of the eleventh rib?

A

it is somewhat pointed

140
Q

What helps to distinguish the vertebral end of the twelfth rib from other ribs?

A

the head has a single articular surface, the crest of the neck is poorly developed, the tubercle is absent

141
Q

What is the condition of the body (corpus or shaft) of rib 12?

A

the costal angle and costal groove are absent and it is the shortest of all ribs

142
Q

What is the appearance of the sternal end of the twelfth rib?

A

the sternal end is pointed

Spinal Anatomy -- Morter (21 decks)

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