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Spinal Anatomy -- Morter > Spinal Exam 2: Section VI - Lumbar Region > Flashcards

Spinal Exam 2: Section VI - Lumbar Region Flashcards

1
Q

What is the generic shape of the typical lumbar vertebral body from the cranial view?

A

reniform or kidney-shaped

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2
Q

What accounts for the direction of the lumbar curve?

A

the vertebral body and intervertebral disc have a greater anterior height than posterior height

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3
Q

What is the direction of the normal lumbar curve?

A

anterior (lordotic)

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4
Q

What is the effect of aging on the vertebral body of a lumbar verteba?

A

decrease in height, increase in circumference

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5
Q

How many synovial joint surfaces are present at the typical lumbar vertebral body?

A

none

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6
Q

How many joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of a typical lumbar?

A

six

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7
Q

How many synovial joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of a typical lumbar?

A

none

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8
Q

How many cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis joint surfaces are on a typical lumber vertebral body?

A

two

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9
Q

How many fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint surfaces are on a typical lumbar vertebral body?

A

four

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10
Q

What joint classifications will be observed at the vertebral body of a typical lumbar?

A

cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis joint and

fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint

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11
Q

What muscles may attach to a typical lumbar vertebral body?

A

psoas major and psoas minor

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12
Q

Psoas minor will only attach to the vertebral body of which segments?

A

T12, L1

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13
Q

What is the name given to ligaments that attach the vertebral body to articular process?

A

transforaminal ligaments

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14
Q

What are the types of transforaminal ligaments?

A

superior transforaminal,
middle transforaminal, and
inferior transformatinal ligaments

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15
Q

What ligaments attach the vertebral body to the transverse process?

A

corporotransverse ligaments

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16
Q

What corporotranverse ligaments are identified?

A

superior corporotransverse and inferior corpotransverse ligaments

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17
Q

What are the types of Hofmann ligaments?

A

anterior Hofmann ligaments,
posterior Hofmann ligaments,
lateral Hofmann ligaments, and
proximal root sleeve ligaments

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18
Q

Hofmann ligaments are identified in which regions along the vertebral column?

A

cervical - upper thoracic region and lumbar region

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19
Q

Cervical - upper thoracic Hofmann ligaments will attch what structures together?

A

dura mater to segments above

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20
Q

What is the highest level known to demonstrate Hofmann ligaments?

A

C6

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21
Q

What is the proposed function of the cervical - upper thoracic Hofmann ligaments?

A

resist caudal movement of the dural sac;

resist gravitational forces on the dura and cord

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22
Q

Lumbar Hofmann ligaments will attach what structures together?

A

dura mater to lower segmental levels

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23
Q

What is the proposed function of the lumbar Hofmann ligaments?

A

resist cranial movement of the dural sac during flexion

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24
Q

What is the proposed function of the proximal root sleeve ligament?

A

resist displacement of the peripheral nerve system in the intervertebral foramen

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25
Q

What osseous conditions of lumbar vertebrae facilitate a spinal tap in this region?

A

overlap of the laminae, shingling, diminishes;

overlap of spinous processes, imbrication, diminishes

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26
Q

What part of the central nerve system is present in the lumbar spine?

A

the conus medullaris is typically present in the vertebral foramen of L1

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27
Q

What part of the peripheral nerve system is present in the lumbar spine?

A

the cauda equina is typically present in the vertebral foramina of L2-L4

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28
Q

Beginning with the L1 transverse process, what is the generic direction and relative length of each succeeding lumbar transverse process?

A

each transverse process is directed straight lateral and increases in length from L1-L3;
L4 then begins to decrease in length

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29
Q

What is the name of the elevation near the origin of the lumbar transverse process?

A

accessory process

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30
Q

Congenital elongation of the lumbar accessory process results in what feature?

A

styloid process

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31
Q

Congenital elongation of the lumbar accessory process occurs with what frequency?

A

7% occurrence

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32
Q

What bony part of a cervical transverse process is lacking at the lumbar transverse process?

A

the costotransverse bar

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33
Q

What ligament(s) will attach to the lumbar accessory process?

A

mammillo-accessory ligament

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34
Q

What parts of a vertebra are attached via the mammillo-accessory ligament?

A

the mammillary process and accessory process of the same segment

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35
Q

What was believed to be entrapped by the mammillo-accessory ligement?

A

the medial branch of the dorsal ramus of a lumbar spinal nerve

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36
Q

What muscle(s) attach to the lumbar accessory process?

A

longissimus thoracis and intertransversarii

37
Q

What ligament attaches the twelfth rib to the transverse process of L1?

A

the lumbocostal ligament

38
Q

What muscles may attach to the transverse process of a typical lumbar vertebra?

A

psoas major, quadratus lumborum, longissimus thoracis, rotator brevis, rotator longus, and intertransversarii

39
Q

Which transversospinalis muscle group attaches tot he typical lumbar transverse process?

A

rotators

40
Q

What ligaments attach tot eh transverse process of a typical lumbar vertebra?

A

the lumbocostal, mammillo-accessory, and intertransverse ligaments

41
Q

What are the posterior elements of the vertebra?

A

zygapophysis, lamina, and spinous process

42
Q

What are the anterior elements of the vertebra?

A

vertebral body and pedicle

43
Q

What is the orientation of the typical lumbar superior articular facet?

A

backward, upward, medial (BUM); typically concave

44
Q

What is the orientation of the typical lumbar inferior articular facet?

A

forward, lateral, downward (FoLD); significant convexity

45
Q

What is the name given to the projection on the lumbar superior articular process?

A

mammillary process

46
Q

What muscle(s) will attach to the mammillary process?

A

mutlifidis and intertransversarii

47
Q

What ligament will attach to the lumbar mammillary process and accessory process?

A

mammillo-accessory ligament

48
Q

What was believed to be entrapped by the mammillo-accessory ligament?

A

the medial branch of the dorsal ramus of a lumbar spinal nerve

49
Q

What additional ligaments are said to attach to lumbar articular processes?

A

transforaminal ligaments

50
Q

How many synovial joints are present on a typical lumbar vertebra?

A

four

51
Q

What is the position of the lumbar zygapophysis in children?

A

the zygapophysis lies in the coronal plane

52
Q

What is the position of the lumbar zygapophysis in adults?

A

the zygapophysis lies in the sagittal plane for L1/L2, L2/L3, and L3/L4;
the zygapophysis lies in the coronal plane for L4/L5 and L5/S1

53
Q

What names are given to the condition in which one zygapohpysis of a vertebral couple lies in the coronal plane and the other zygapophysis lies in the sagittal plane?

A

joint asymmetry or joint tropism

54
Q

What is the name(s) of the condition in which the typical lumbar spinous process increases in length due to the aging process?

A

Baastrup’s syndrome or “kissing spines”

55
Q

What is Baastrup’s syndrome?

A

elongation of the lumbar spinous process as a result of aging

56
Q

What muscles will attach to the typical lumbar spinous process?

A

latissimus dorsi, serratus posterior inferior, iliocostalis lumborum, longissimus thoracis, spinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, and interspinalis

57
Q

What is the appearance of the fifth lumbar vertebral body from the lateral view?

A

anterior height is greater than posterior height by several millimeters; it appears to form a wedge on a lateral X-ray view

58
Q

How many synovial joint surfaces are present at the fifth lumbar vertebral body?

A

none

59
Q

How many fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint surfaces present on the L5 vertebral body?

A

four

60
Q

How many joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of the fifth lumbar?

A

six

61
Q

How many cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of L5?

A

two

62
Q

How many fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body L5?

A

four

63
Q

What joint classifications will be observed at the vertebral body of the fifth lumbar?

A

cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis and fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis

64
Q

What muscle(s) attach to the fifth lumbar vertebral body?

A

psoas major

65
Q

What are the types of Hofmann ligaments?

A

anterior Hofmann ligaments, posterior Hofmann ligaments, lateral Hofmann ligaments, and proximal root sleeve ligaments

66
Q

What characteristic of the L1-L4 pedicle may be used to differentiate it from the L5 segment? Be specific and complete as the difference(s) on a segment from each group.

A

On cranial view, the lateral surface of the pedicle is apparent on a L1-L4 segment.
At L5 the transverse process originates from the vertebral body, pedicle, and lamina-pedicle region.

67
Q

What is the generic direction and length of the fifth lumbar transverse process?

A

it is directed straight lateral and is the shortest of all lumbar transverse processes

68
Q

What accounts for the shortness of the L5 transverse process?

A

the hip/innominate bones diminish the available space in the transverse plane

69
Q

Congenital elongation of the lumbar accessory process occurs with what frequency?

A

7% occurrence

70
Q

What muscle(s) attach to the fifth lumbar accessory process?

A

longissimus thoracis

71
Q

What muscles may attach to the transverse process of the fifth thoracic vertebra?

A

psoas major, quadratus lumborum, longissimus thoracis, rotator brevis, rotator longus, and intertransversarii

72
Q

What ligaments traditionally attach to the transverse process of the fifth lumbar vertebra?

A

lumbosacral, iliolumbar, and mammillo-accessory ligaments

73
Q

What is the reported angulation and X-ray appearance of the fifth lumbar articular facets?

A

they lie in the vertical plane and are coronal facets

74
Q

What is the orientation of the fifth lumbar superior articular facet?

A

backward, upward, medial (BUM); typically concave

75
Q

What is the orientation of the fifth lumbar inferior articular facet?

A

forward, lateral, downward (FoLD); significant convexity

76
Q

What muscle(s) will attach to the mammillary process?

A

multifidis and intertransversarii

77
Q

What is the position of the lumbar zygapophysis in adults?

A

the zygapophysis lies in the sagittal plane for L1/L2, L2/L3, and L3/L4;
the zygapophysis lies in the coronal plane for L4/L5, and L5/S1

78
Q

What names are given to the condition in which one zygapophysis of a vertebral couple lies in the coronal plane and the other zygapophysis lies in the sagittal plane?

A

joint asymmetry or joint tropism

79
Q

Define or describe joint tropism.

A

the condition in which one zygapophysis of a vertebral couple lies in the coronal plane and the other zygapophysis lies in the sagittal plane

80
Q

What is the name(s) of the condition in which the L5 spinous process increases in length due to the aging process?

A

Baastrup’s syndrome or “kissing spines”

81
Q

What is Baastrup’s syndrome?

A

elongation of the lumbar spinous process as a result of aging

82
Q

What is the name given to the congenital condition in which the L5 spinous process is elongated, the sacrum exhibits spina bifida, and dorsiflexion produces pain?

A

Knife Clasp Syndrome

83
Q

What is Knife Clasp Syndrome?

A

the congenital condition in which the L5 spinous process is elongated, the sacrum exhibits spina bifida and dorsiflexion produces pain

84
Q

What muscles will attach to the fifth lumbar spinous process?

A

latissimus dorsi, iliocostalis lumborum, longissimus thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, and interspinalis

85
Q

How many synovial joints are maximally observed at each lumbar vertebra?

A

L1 - L5 = four each

86
Q

How many joints are traditionally observed at each lumbar vertebral body?

A

L1 - L5 = six each

87
Q

What is the superior articular facet orientation at each lumbar vertebra?

A

L1 - L5 = backward, upward, medial (BUM)

88
Q

What is the inferior articular facet orientation at each lumbar vertebra?

A

L1 - L5 = forward, downward, lateral (FoLD)

Spinal Anatomy -- Morter (21 decks)

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