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Year 2 Ecological Systems > Species Distribution 1 > Flashcards

Species Distribution 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a population?

A

Group of individuals of the same species occupying a particular space at a particular time

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2
Q

What is the name for the local populations?

A

Demes

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3
Q

What is population density ?

A

Number of organisms per area

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4
Q

What is population natality?

A

The reproductive output of the population

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5
Q

What is the mortality of populations?

A

Death rate

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6
Q

What is a morphological species?

A

A group of individuals that is morphologically physiologically or biochemically different from other groups

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7
Q

What is a biological species?

A

A group that can potentially breed amoung themselves but not with individuals of other groups

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8
Q

What is an ecological community?

A

A set of interacting natural species in a prescribed habitat

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9
Q

What is biodiversity?

A

The sum of all biotic variation from the level of genes to ecosystems relative abundence

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10
Q

What is species distribution?

A

Range within a group of organisms

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11
Q

What is abundence?

A

The amount of species within a group

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12
Q

What is Liebigs law of the minimum?

A

The rate of any biological process if limited by that factor in least amount to telematics requirements

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13
Q

What is the problem with liebigs theory?

A

Deemed to simple, focussing on only one factor

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14
Q

What is shelfords law of tolerance?

A

The distribution of a species will be controlled by that environmental factor for which the organism has the narrowest range of tolerance

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15
Q

What if diffusion?

A

Slow spread across hospitable terrain over generations

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16
Q

What is jump dispersal?

A

Slow spread across hospitable terrain over generations

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17
Q

What is secular dispersal?

A

Spread in geological time associated with extensive evolutionary change and continental drift

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18
Q

What 4 factors limit geographic ranges?

A

Dispersal, Behaviour, Other species and physical and chemical factors

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19
Q

What is dispersal?

A

The tendency of an organism to move away from birth of breeding sites

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20
Q

How did African Bees get introduced into South America?

A

Escaped during an experiment, now spread all across the Americas

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21
Q

What is the tens rules?

A

Each transition for an animal to a new environment is 10%, 10% of this has an established community with 10% of these becoming pests

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22
Q

What is trophic structure?

A

Who eats who

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23
Q

What are transplant experiments?

A

Inadvertently conducted by man

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24
Q

What determines animal habitat selection?

A

Habitat cues, presence of conspecifics, presence of other organisns, time lags

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25
Q

What is descriptive ecology?

A

The foundation of ecological science

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26
Q

What is functional ecology?

A

Studies dynamic responses of populations and communities to immediate factors in the environment here and now

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27
Q

What is evolutionary ecology?

A

Considers organisms and their interrrelations as historical products of evolution

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28
Q

Why might the behaviour of an animal be different?

A

Reacting to different external stimulae

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29
Q

What is the study of evolution?

A

Change in the gene pool

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30
Q

What kind of research was ecology first focused on?

A

Qualitative

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31
Q

What did Elton call ecology in 1927?

A

Scientific natural history

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32
Q

What did Odun focus on in 1963?

A

The structure and function of nature, shape and the form

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33
Q

What is functional ecology more focussed on?

A

Responses of species to factors in the environment,

Proximate here and now

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34
Q

What is an ecological community?

A

Interacting natural community

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35
Q

What is a range

A

The geographical area where a species can be found

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36
Q

What are the three main abiotic factors that effect distribution

A

Climatic factors, edaphic, social

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37
Q

What are social factors

A

Land use and water availability

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38
Q

What is a community made up of?

A

Different assemblages

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39
Q

What is trophic structure?

A

Who eats who, determines flow of energy

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40
Q

Is a trophic chain with more, or less connections more vulnerable to change or a disturbance

A

Less is more vulnerable

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41
Q

Are species found everywhere

A

No, it’s impossible to say but it’s thought a species cannot stretch its control acreos the whole planet

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42
Q

What else can limit distribution in terms

Of amount of something

A

Excess as will as shortages, acknowledged by shelford

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43
Q

What is shelfords law

A

The distribution of a species is controlled by the factor that the organism has the narrowest range of tolerance

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44
Q

What is the temperature that a fish was brought up in called

A

It’s acclimation temperature

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45
Q

What is tolerance

A

Range or point that something can survive in

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46
Q

What is incipient lethal

A

Lethal over a number of days

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47
Q

What is ultimate lethal,

A

Lethal over a short time period

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48
Q

How can dispersal limit distribution

A

A species can’t get to a place

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49
Q

What might constrain a species ability to move around

A

It’s Own motor mechanisms and movement

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50
Q

What is a transplant experiment

A

Taking a species to a area not already habitated

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51
Q

What are the outcomes of species transplantation and what does it tell us

A

If successful limited geographically, if unsuccessful limited by chemical or biological factors

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52
Q

How can transplant be done naturally

A

Inadvertently by man

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53
Q

What is an example of inadvertent transplantation by man

A

African honey bee

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54
Q

How did the honey bee spread

A

Brought to Brazil in 1956 to enhance honey production, spread great distances, accidental jump dispersal

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55
Q

What did Williams and fitter create in 98

A

The tens rule

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56
Q

What is the chance that out of 10 established that you wold get a pest

A

10%

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57
Q

Out of 348 plant species imported by the wool trade how many have established

A

Only 4

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58
Q

Why is the tens rule critisesd

A

Suggests that we do not need to worry about the problem

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59
Q

What barriers are there at continental scales

A

Barriers to dispersal limit and distribution

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60
Q

Are species good at dispersing at local levels

A

Yes, many species have good-excellent dispersal mechanisms

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61
Q

What tends to limit species locally

A

Climate,

Habitat, competitors

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62
Q

What is important in local scales of distribution

A

Habitat and habitat selection

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63
Q

What is a habitat

A

A place where something lives, be that temporary or permantely

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64
Q

What 3 types of selection may a swallow make to pick habitat

A

Geographical area, habitat type, tree type ect

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65
Q

What do animals take from the habitat to decide whether to live there

A

Habitat cues

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66
Q

Why might other species, conspecifics determine habitat selection

A

Mates competition ect

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67
Q

What are the stimuli for birds in the environment

A

Nest, song, watch, feeding and drinking sites

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68
Q

What is the main difference between the tree and meadow pipits

A

Meadow sing from the ground and tree sing from trees

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69
Q

What was the key thing that a tree pipit needed

A

Height on the perch

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70
Q

Where were kangaroo rats found more

A

In large open spaces, had speed to avoid predators

71
Q

What was the bet condition for pocket mice

A

Enclosed tree or bush areas

72
Q

What is the predation pressure for kangaroo rats and pocket mice

A

High

73
Q

Why do animals hide

A

They perceive this as the safest place to be

74
Q

When shelter was added did the kangaroo rats do

A

Avoid it

75
Q

What did pocket mice do with the shelters

A

Use them more

76
Q

What is ideal free distribution

A

Fretwell 1972, animals are free to move into any habits without constraints

77
Q

How do animals respond according to fretwell

A

They move in relation to other animals, for example if there are lots in one place will move to another

78
Q

When will a poor suitability habitat be habitated

A

When other areas are taken up by other species

79
Q

What happens when a place gets densely packed

A

Becomes as suitable as a formally less suitable place

80
Q

Why is there equal breeding success on shrub and grass habitats on the Medes islands

A

Shrubs become over populated and therefore inhabitable

81
Q

Why might different communities respond differently to invasion

A

Communities vary in resistance due to varying intrinsic properties (Elton 1958)

82
Q

According to Elton what places are more susceptible to invasion

A

Species poor communities or those with disturbed habitats

83
Q

What are spurious relationships

A

When two factors are limited but by chance

84
Q

Why may new bird species have trouble adapting to a large island

A

Too big to find mates,

Case

85
Q

How many native species are there in the Society Islands

A

13

86
Q

How many introduced species are there in the Society Islands

A

12

87
Q

How many native birds on Zanzibar are there

A

102

88
Q

How many extinct birds in Zanzibar

A

0

89
Q

How many introduced birds on Zanzibar

A

4

90
Q

What geographical feature can be a good surrogate of diversity

A

Island elevation, Macarthur

91
Q

How does Island size change species amount

A

The larger the island the more the species

92
Q

What relationship is there with extinct species and introduced ones

A

Normally the more species introduced the more extinct species there are

93
Q

What is the relationship between number of species lost and gained

A

Similar, new species are replacing spaces left by older ones

94
Q

What does extinction show

A

That a lot of extinction is not caused by competition

95
Q

When large species are lost what often replaces them

A

Smaller bird species

96
Q

How much natural forest and native bird species has Hawaii lost

A

60% in each, correlation

97
Q

What is the UKs extinction rate and forest loss

A

93% forest loss but only 3% bird loss

98
Q

How are organisms typically not distributed

A

Randomly, southwood 1977

99
Q

What are differences in habitat selection often ascribed to

A

Variation in morphology or physiology

100
Q

What could contribute to ducks nest site selection

A

Natural selection

101
Q

When will natural selection occur (Roberts)

A

When there are differences between unsuccessful and successful nests

102
Q

What can fitness also be known as

A

the adaptive value of the species

103
Q

How can we see if a speices has a higher fitness

A

leaves more decendents

104
Q

What should fitness not be used for

A

compared across species

105
Q

What are phenotypes

A

the observable attributes of individuals

106
Q

If a transplant experiment is successful what does this show

A

that the species is blocked by geographic factors

107
Q

What is the study of species reactions to physical and chemical factors

A

physiological ecology

108
Q

What is a sublethal endpoint

A

stage at which the state of the fish begins to deteriorate, can then calclulate the lethal point without killing the fish

109
Q

What is the upper lethal limit of temperature tolerance limited to

A

previous acclimation temperature

110
Q

Which stage of animals or plants are most susceptible to environmental change or other chemical changes

A

young juvinile fish

111
Q

How can animals avoid lethal doses

A

the can move away from them

112
Q

What do many animals do to avoid temperature extremes

A

they migrate

113
Q

What zone can be created from chemical or temperature readings

A

critical tolerance zone

114
Q

What grass evolved to cope with lead, zinc and copper at over 1%

A

Agrostis Tenuis

115
Q

What is the impact of growth on agrostis

A

slow stunted growth

116
Q

If someone sows 2000 seeds on mine soil how many will survive

A

4-5 (Wu et al)

117
Q

How do most governments control inadvertent tansplanting

A

by preventing the transport of plants and animals

118
Q

What is an allelopathic species

A

one that alters the surroundings chemically in such a way that others cant use it

119
Q

What crustacean was transported from europe in 1985

A

Zebra Mussel

120
Q

what was the issue with zebra mussels

A

blocked pipelines to big cities, could reach densities of 750,000 per meter squared

121
Q

What benefit did the zebra mussel have

A

cleaned the water supply

122
Q

Where did the zebra mussel spread to first

A

lotic systems such as rivers, filter feeders

123
Q

When were Californian sea otters redicovered

A

1914 at point Sur

124
Q

where did the otter spread fastest

A

south, 3.1km a year, north 1.4km a year

125
Q

What is reids paradox

A

trees moved 1000km in the time they should of moved 36km

126
Q

Why might an animal not move into an area which is possible to get to?

A

Behaviour

127
Q

How do mosquitos chose their nesting sites in belize

A

on blue green algae

128
Q

How might blue green algae be covered up

A

cattail plants, physical obstructions stop the male dance and restrict the species

129
Q

What is the Ideal despotic distribution

A

if individuals are not free to move in a habitat due to the agressive nature of other species, density could be higher in marginal habitats if speices are forced by others

130
Q

How can the environment control distribution

A

different rain levels, habitats, climates

131
Q

Where does most rain fall

A

over oceans rather than land

132
Q

How much rain does the average weather station get a year

A

660mm

133
Q

What latitudes does rain fall most at

A

the lower latitudes round the equator

134
Q

Why are polar regions not arid

A

little evaporation, snow and water is left on the ground

135
Q

How much of the world is in a rainfall deficit

A

1/3

136
Q

If a habitat saw an average temperature of 0’c and low rain fall of 200-1900mm of rain a year

A

Boreal Forest

137
Q

What are the climatic conditions of a habitat

A

temperature and precipitation

138
Q

What 4 impacts does climate have on an animal

A

survival, reproduction, development of young and interactions with other organisms

139
Q

What plays a key role in categorising species by extinction risk

A

Range

140
Q

How many species are listed only on range measurement

A

75%

141
Q

What is criterion D

A

An indicator of a very small or restricted population

142
Q

What three
ciriteria arw
Used to identify endangered species

A

Severe fragmentation, continuing decline in range, extreme fluctuations in range size

143
Q

How many mammals qualified only under greographic range criterion

A

35%

144
Q

How are geographic boundaries of animals often mapped

A

Through occurrence or sightings as the outer most edge of the animals predicted range, Gaston

145
Q

How can habitats be used to guess location

A

Habitat preferences can be mapped into data for existing habitats to see where an animal may live

146
Q

How can statistical modelling be used to guess animal range

A

Use climatic variables to predict the favoured places of animals

147
Q

Where is the spotted wing drosophila native to

A

Southeast Asia (orsted 2019)

148
Q

What is the drosophila

A

A fruit fly

149
Q

What is the drosophila Suzukii a pest to

A

The fruit production industry

150
Q

How many occurrences of suzukii were documented

A

517 over 52 counties

151
Q

How many invasive occurrences of suzukii were documented

A

421, only 96 were native

152
Q

What climate does the suzukii prefer,

A

Humid environment with mild winters in order to generate a permanent range

153
Q

What are SDM’s

A

Species distribution models have been increasingly used to predict spatial distribution

154
Q

Where did suzukii spread to

A

Europe and America

155
Q

What does suzukii have w preference for

A

Ripening fruit, lays eggs in the fruit

156
Q

Describe the distribution of suzukii

A

Clumped in groups, East and west coast USA, Uruguay and southern Brazil, Europe, and native south east Asia

157
Q

What latitudes can Suzuki be seen in

A

Normally between -+10-60 degrees

158
Q

What was the largest predoctor of suzukii in Europe

A

Min temp of coldest month

159
Q

What were the most important predictors if native suzukii

A

Annual precipitation and temperature seasonality

160
Q

What was the most important factor in predicting distribution of suzukii at a global scale

A

Annual mean temperature and mean temp of coldest quarter

161
Q

How many counties did suzukii originally inhabit

A

10

162
Q

How many invasive occurances were found in europe

A

306

163
Q

How many european countries have suzukii

A

30

164
Q

Which remote locations has suzukii been found in

A

remote islands such as maderia, french polynasia and reunion

165
Q

What was strange about the habitats at native, europe and global

A

all different, suzukii had to adapt to lots of different niches

166
Q

How many countries did the SDM pretict that suzukii could colonise

A

an extra 31, limited after that die to climate

167
Q

Why could suzukii spread further than expected

A

already seeing small interspecific adaptions that allow suzukii to live in different areas of the world

168
Q

Which constraint was the same for europe global and native

A

minimum temperature for coldest month, all about -2.5

169
Q

What was different about native to global and european habitats

A

Much warmer with a much dryer dryest month

170
Q

What is the optimal temp for suzukii

A

20-25 degrees, but has a very wide temp range from -2.5 with detrimental heat coming at 32 degrees

171
Q

What happens to suzukii when temperature falls below freezing

A

limits reproductive ability

172
Q

What is the key factor for limiting distribution of suzuki

A

precipitation, need for a wet envrionment

173
Q

Who wrote the paper on suzukii

A

Orsted and Orsted 2018

174
Q

What are the favourite foods for suzukii

A

apple, grape, peach, persimmon, fig, and pear

Year 2 Ecological Systems (23 decks)

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