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Year 2 Ecological Systems > 4. Interactions > Flashcards

4. Interactions Flashcards

1
Q

What is competition?

A

Two organisms use the same resource, to the detriment of both

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2
Q

What is predation?

A

One animal species eats all or part of a second animal species

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3
Q

What is herbivory?

A

One animal species eat all or part of a plant species

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4
Q

What is parasitism?

A

Two species live in a physically close obligatory association in which the parasite depends metabolically on the host

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5
Q

What is a disease?

A

An association between a pathogenic microorganism and a host species in which the host suffers physiologically

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6
Q

What is mutualism?

A

Two species live in close association with one another to the benefit of both

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7
Q

What is the niche?

A

An area in biological space that a species occupies

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8
Q

What is resource competition?

A

Scramble or exploitative competition, occurs when a number of organisms of the same or different species use common resources that are in short supply

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9
Q

What is interference competition?

A

Contest competition occurs when the organisms seeking a resource harm one another in the process even if the resources are not in short supply

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10
Q

What is Gause’s hypothesis?

A

As a result of competition two similar species scarcely occupy similar niches, but instead displace each other

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11
Q

What is Hardings 4 c’s principle?

A

Complete competitors cannot coexist

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12
Q

How did grinned describe the niche?

A

A subdivision of the habitat each niche is occupied by one species

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13
Q

Who created the n dimensional hypervolume?

A

Hutchinson 1958

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14
Q

What is the n dimensional hypervolume?

A

Fundamental niche, set by resources it can use in the absence of competition

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15
Q

What is the realised niche

A

The resource use of a species in the presence of competition

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16
Q

What does a normal

Bell shaped curve denote?

A

A unimodal symmetrical realised niche

17
Q

When does competitive exclusion occur?

A

The environment is unstable
Resources are not limiting
The environment fluctuates such that the direction of competition reverses before extinction occurs

18
Q

Why is competitive exclusion rate?

A

Species have adapted to avoid it, competition was always rare in nature, rescources are not always limiting

19
Q

Who discovered rescource partintioning in dendroica species?

A

Bob MacArthur

20
Q

What causes differences in rescource use among closely related species ?

A

Competition in the past

Speciation

21
Q

What is resource utilisation and limiting similarity?

A

Species will evolve to exploit unused rescources, limited overlap enables both species to coexist, strong overlap drives one species to extinction or to exploit a different range of rescources

22
Q

Which plant type has low stress tolerance but high disturbance tolerance?

A

Ruderals, weeds

23
Q

What theory did Wilson and MacArthur come up with in 1967?

A

r and K selection

24
Q

Define r animals?

A

Rabbits, mice, rats, Don’t suffer pressure from interspecific competition and establishment, no competitive mechanisms

25
Q

Define K animals?

A

Suffer pressure from competition at or near the carrying capacity, resources must be used efficiently

26
Q

What may happen in consequence of competition?

A

Species may diverge in some way

27
Q

What did Darwin study in the Galapagos?

A

Finches, different sized beaks for different food

28
Q

What are the 5 types of predator?

A

Carnivore, Herbivore, Insect parasite, parasite, cannibal

29
Q

What is apparent competition?

A

Indirect effects without competition between predators, competition drives prey patterns

30
Q

What was built in Australia to stop dingos killing red kangaroos?

A

A fat fence

31
Q

What caused the decline of fish in the Great Lakes USA?

A

Lamprey

32
Q

What characteristics of predators make then effective in controlling populations?

A

Numerical response,functional response, aggregative response, developmental response

33
Q

What is numerical response?

A

One in which the density of predators in a given area increases by reproduction, e.g. Wolves

34
Q

What is functional response?

A

One in which the number of prey eaten by individual predators changes?

35
Q

What is a type 1 response?

A

The predation rate of wolves increases with moose density

36
Q

What is developmental response?

A

One in which individual predators eat more or less prey as predators grow towards maturity

37
Q

What is aggregative response?

A

One in which individual predators move into and concentrate in the study area

38
Q

What is total response?

A

Gives the % of prey organisms eaten per unit times by the entire population

Year 2 Ecological Systems (23 decks)

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