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Year 2 Ecological Systems > 7. Succession > Flashcards

7. Succession Flashcards

1
Q

What is succession?

A

Patterns of abundance change with ecological time

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2
Q

Is succession seasonal?

A

No, has no season or cyclical cycle

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3
Q

What are the 3 types of succession?

A

Autogenic, Allogenic, degradative

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4
Q

What is autogenic succession?

A

Self origin, species sequence occurring where change brought about by the biota themselves

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5
Q

What is Allogenic succession?

A

Other origin, species resulting from outside,

Usually abiotic, changes to the environment

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6
Q

What is degradative succession?

A

Occurs when new and degradable resources are used successively by a number of species

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7
Q

How do salmon provide nutrients to the surrounding habitat?

A

Nutrients leach into the ground, extra nitrogen and sustinance for the trees

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8
Q

What is primary succession?

A

Occurs on landforms where no remnants of a previous community exist e.g lava flows

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9
Q

What is secondary succession?

A

Occurs in space opened by complete or partial removal of species, but where resources and propagalues remain, e.g tree falls

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10
Q

What are the stages of succession?

A

Bare ground, pioneer stage, seral stages, climax

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11
Q

Where can cyclic cycles of succession can occur along the stages

A

Seral and climax

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12
Q

Which stages do good colonists thrive at?

A

Pioneer stage

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13
Q

What are good colonists?

A

Poor competitors

High growth rate, small, wide dispersal, fast growth, short lived

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14
Q

What are Poor Colonists?

A

Good competitors

Slow growth, Large size, limited dispersal, slow population growth, long lived, K selection

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15
Q

What are the mechanisms that drive ecological succession

A

Facilitation,
Tolerance,
Inhibition

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16
Q

What is facilitation?

A

Early successional species make the environment more suitable for recruitment for late successional species

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17
Q

How does the bears feeding habit help grow and provide nutrients to trees?

A

Just bite the head of salmon, decomposing fish gives nutrients to the trees

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18
Q

What is the time scale of primary succession?

A

10-100 years

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19
Q

Is primary succession nominated by few or many species?

A

Few

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20
Q

How does primary succession work for animals/plants

A

A-B-C-D, always one dominant species, outdoos the other

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21
Q

How does secondary succession work for animals/plants?

A

Abcd-Bcd-Cd-D

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22
Q

What is inhibition?

A

Early successional species make the environment less suitable for others

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23
Q

When does inhibition occur?

A

Occurs where competitively similar species are present, holds the site against all others till they die out

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24
Q

What is successional tolerance?

A

A species neither facilitates nor inhibits its successors, occurs where competitive hierarchies exist

25
Q

What starts the process of succession?

A

Disturbance

26
Q

How can we document succession?

A

Observe or infer

27
Q

What is an example of facilitation?

A

Plant succession following glacial retreat

28
Q

What is an example on inhibition?

A

Seaweed succession on rocky shores

29
Q

What is an example of tolerance?

A

Old field succession

30
Q

How much have glaciers in SE Alaska retreated by since 1750?

A

120km

31
Q

What does the glacier expose which is used as soil?

A

Glacial till

32
Q

What characterises the soil?

A

Low nitrogen and nutrient content

33
Q

Why is glacier bay in Alaska a good example of primary succession?

A

Clear movement of ice shows clear stages, 98% of tourists travel by boat so no damage by humans

34
Q

After 5-10 years what does the bare glacial ground look like?

A

Colonised by pioneer species, Cyanobacteria. Lichens, dwarf fireweed and misses, nitrogen fixing plants

35
Q

What happens to glacier bay after 20 years?

A

Pioneer flowers bloom such as mountain aven, thin grass cover

36
Q

What happens to glacier bay after 30 years?

A

Small bushes and trees, moderate grass cover, thin soils, trees have yellow leaves due to stress

37
Q

What happens to glacier bay after 60 years?

A

Larger trees and forests, alder, willows, cottonwood, leaves create a build of of soil

38
Q

What happens to glacier bay after 100years ?

A

Larger trees, developed soil, alder, spruce, standing biomass, cold rainforest, very acidic soil

39
Q

What happens to glacier bay after 200 years?

A

Developed forest, spruce trees. Hemlock

40
Q

How deep is soil in glacier bay after 200 years?

A

15.1cm

41
Q

What does the melting of these glaciers create?

A

New streams and rivers

42
Q

What is a remnant glacier?

A

Static glacier at the tops of mountains

43
Q

What happened to the stream?

A

More species inhabited it over years

44
Q

Why does the river warm up over time?

A

Melt water gets hotter

45
Q

Which seaweed dominated succession of rocky shores?

A

Green ulva

46
Q

What competes with ulva as the successional period gets older

A

Gigartina

47
Q

What is gigartina better at?

A

Surviving rough and tough conditions

48
Q

What is ulva threatened by?

A

Storms and crabs

49
Q

How did old field sites form in the US?

A

Pre colonial mixed hardwoods destroyed by frontier farmers6

50
Q

What happened to frontier farmers as they moved west?

A

Exposed fields were colonised by pioneers and regeneration ensued

51
Q

What is the typical sequence in old fields?

A

Annual weeds, herbaceous perennials, shrubs, early trees, late trees

52
Q

What is the most common pioneer annual in old fields?

A

Ragweed

53
Q

What is the drawback if ragweed?

A

Cannot persist under canopy light

54
Q

What is the benefit of late successional plants

A

Shade tolerant

55
Q

What is the climax state?

A

The final or stable community in a successional series

56
Q

What is the monoclimax theory?

A

Succession is directional and predictable, resulting in a single climax?

57
Q

What is polyclimax theory?

A

Many different climax communities can arise and are controlled by soil moisture,
Mineral ions activity of animals and topography

58
Q

What is climax pattern hypothesis?

A

Continuum of climax theory that varies along environmental variants

59
Q

What is alder in relation to spruce?

A

Inhibitor

Year 2 Ecological Systems (23 decks)

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