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Year 2 Ecological Systems > 5. Herbivory > Flashcards

5. Herbivory Flashcards

1
Q

What is herbivory?

A

One animals eats all or part of plant

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2
Q

What defences to plants have to animals?

A

Structural or chemical

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3
Q

What is an example of plants with structural defences?

A

Matagouri

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4
Q

What used to try and eat the Matagouri?

A

Moa. Giant birds

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5
Q

Name examples of chemicals used by plants for defence?

A

Steroids, terpenes, Acetogenins, phenylpropanes, alkaloids

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6
Q

What are the two possible reasons for chemicals from plants?

A

Either by products of metabolism or chemically evolved to repel herbivores

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7
Q

What is a typical alkaloid?

A

Nicotine, morphine or Caffine

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8
Q

What is a typical phenylpropane?

A

Cinnamon/Cloves

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9
Q

Which oak uses chemical processes to deter predators?

A

Pedunculate oak, Quercia roberu

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10
Q

Where is the pedunculate oak common

A

English lowlands

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11
Q

What makes the ped oak special?

A

Attacked by more herbivore species than any other uk tree

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12
Q

How many moth larvae attach the ped oak?

A

Over 200

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13
Q

What happens to the number of species on the ped oak a year?

A

Fluctuates, high in spring low in summer

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14
Q

Which animal is closely studied on the ped oak?

A

Winter moth

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15
Q

Why are there more winter moths on ped in spring?

A

Softer leaves

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16
Q

Who fist thought that leaves becoming less palatable had an effect on moths?

A

Feeny 1970

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17
Q

Why did no adults pupate on older leaves?

A

Not enough food nutrients, larvae were too small

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18
Q

What is the ped oak pumping into the leaf?

A

Tannins, bond proteins in complexes reducing palatability

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19
Q

What miners feed on leaf mesophyll cells?

A

Leaf miners

20
Q

How do Oak trees in general defend themselves?

A

Chemical (tannins)

Structural (altered leaf texture)

21
Q

What animal helps to prevent the acacia?

A

Ants

22
Q

How many species of acacia ants are there?

A

150+

23
Q

Which acacias have partnerships with the ants?

A

Swollen Thorn Acacias

24
Q

Where do the ants live?

A

Inside the thorns

25
Q

What is the relationship between acacia and ants called?

A

Mutualisms

26
Q

What does the acacia depend on?

A

The acacia depends on the ants for defence against herbivores

27
Q

What does the acacia provide for the ant?

A

Specialised areas for food, Beltian bodies, nectarines

28
Q

What is the ant acacia system an example of?

A

Coevolution of two species in mutual benefit

29
Q

What was acacia suvival rate, ants and pre ants

A

72-43

30
Q

Name an example of many animals sharing a natural rescource?

A

The Serengeti plains

31
Q

How much tannins do trees need to contain to stop winter moths?

A

Just 1%

32
Q

How many species of swollen thorn acacias are there?

A

700

33
Q

How large is the Serengeti planes?

A

23,000sqkm

34
Q

Give an example of different herbivore species selecting different parts of the same plants?

A

Animals in the Serengeti, sheath stem leaf of plants

35
Q

What do zebras eat more of?

A

Mostly stems, sheaths

36
Q

What do wildebeest eat more of?

A

Sheaths and leaves

37
Q

What do Thompson gazelles eat?

A

Sheaths, other herbs

38
Q

Who discovered the relationship between Serengeti animals?

A

Bell 1971

39
Q

In 3-5 days how much biomass can wildebeest destroy from the plains?

A

85%, plant height drops by 56%

40
Q

What algae is common in fresh water?

A

Stream benthic algae

41
Q

What Caddisfly larvae was studies in the lamberti and resh experiment?

A

Heliopsyche borealis

42
Q

How many larvae are there per square metre?

A

4000

43
Q

How much of the total biomass in US rivers do larvae occupy?

A

25%

44
Q

What does the lamberi and resh test show?

A

Helicopphyce significantly reduces the abundence of its food

45
Q

What can herbivorous invertebrates affect?

A

Biomass
Taxonomic composition
Form
Species richness

Year 2 Ecological Systems (23 decks)

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