5. Herbivory

Question 1

What is herbivory?

Answer 1

One animals eats all or part of plant

Question 2

What defences to plants have to animals?

Answer 2

Structural or chemical

Question 3

What is an example of plants with structural defences?

Answer 3

Matagouri

Question 4

What used to try and eat the Matagouri?

Answer 4

Moa. Giant birds

Question 5

Name examples of chemicals used by plants for defence?

Answer 5

Steroids, terpenes, Acetogenins, phenylpropanes, alkaloids

Question 6

What are the two possible reasons for chemicals from plants?

Answer 6

Either by products of metabolism or chemically evolved to repel herbivores

Question 7

What is a typical alkaloid?

Answer 7

Nicotine, morphine or Caffine

Question 8

What is a typical phenylpropane?

Answer 8

Cinnamon/Cloves

Question 9

Which oak uses chemical processes to deter predators?

Answer 9

Pedunculate oak, Quercia roberu

Question 10

Where is the pedunculate oak common

Answer 10

English lowlands

Question 11

What makes the ped oak special?

Answer 11

Attacked by more herbivore species than any other uk tree

Question 12

How many moth larvae attach the ped oak?

Answer 12

Over 200

Question 13

What happens to the number of species on the ped oak a year?

Answer 13

Fluctuates, high in spring low in summer

Question 14

Which animal is closely studied on the ped oak?

Answer 14

Winter moth

Question 15

Why are there more winter moths on ped in spring?

Answer 15

Softer leaves

Question 16

Who fist thought that leaves becoming less palatable had an effect on moths?

Answer 16

Feeny 1970

Question 17

Why did no adults pupate on older leaves?

Answer 17

Not enough food nutrients, larvae were too small

Question 18

What is the ped oak pumping into the leaf?

Answer 18

Tannins, bond proteins in complexes reducing palatability

Question 19

What miners feed on leaf mesophyll cells?

Answer 19

Leaf miners

Question 20

How do Oak trees in general defend themselves?

Answer 20

Chemical (tannins)

Structural (altered leaf texture)

Question 21

What animal helps to prevent the acacia?

Answer 21

Ants

Question 22

How many species of acacia ants are there?

Answer 22

150+

Question 23

Which acacias have partnerships with the ants?

Answer 23

Swollen Thorn Acacias

Question 24

Where do the ants live?

Answer 24

Inside the thorns

Question 25

What is the relationship between acacia and ants called?

Answer 25

Mutualisms

Question 26

What does the acacia depend on?

Answer 26

The acacia depends on the ants for defence against herbivores

Question 27

What does the acacia provide for the ant?

Answer 27

Specialised areas for food, Beltian bodies, nectarines

Question 28

What is the ant acacia system an example of?

Answer 28

Coevolution of two species in mutual benefit

Question 29

What was acacia suvival rate, ants and pre ants

Answer 29

72-43

Question 30

Name an example of many animals sharing a natural rescource?

Answer 30

The Serengeti plains

Question 31

How much tannins do trees need to contain to stop winter moths?

Answer 31

Just 1%

Question 32

How many species of swollen thorn acacias are there?

Answer 32

700

Question 33

How large is the Serengeti planes?

Answer 33

23,000sqkm

Question 34

Give an example of different herbivore species selecting different parts of the same plants?

Answer 34

Animals in the Serengeti, sheath stem leaf of plants

Question 35

What do zebras eat more of?

Answer 35

Mostly stems, sheaths

Question 36

What do wildebeest eat more of?

Answer 36

Sheaths and leaves

Question 37

What do Thompson gazelles eat?

Answer 37

Sheaths, other herbs

Question 38

Who discovered the relationship between Serengeti animals?

Answer 38

Bell 1971

Question 39

In 3-5 days how much biomass can wildebeest destroy from the plains?

Answer 39

85%, plant height drops by 56%

Question 40

What algae is common in fresh water?

Answer 40

Stream benthic algae

Question 41

What Caddisfly larvae was studies in the lamberti and resh experiment?

Answer 41

Heliopsyche borealis

Question 42

How many larvae are there per square metre?

Answer 42

4000

Question 43

How much of the total biomass in US rivers do larvae occupy?

Answer 43

25%

Question 44

What does the lamberi and resh test show?

Answer 44

Helicopphyce significantly reduces the abundence of its food

Question 45

What can herbivorous invertebrates affect?

Answer 45

Biomass Taxonomic composition Form Species richness