12. Adaptions And Colonisation

Question 1

What is direct colonisation

Answer 1

One done by an animal such as a fish, actively swimming

Question 2

What is secondary colonisation?

Answer 2

Mainly land ancestors. Small snails insects and plants

Question 3

What happens with animals and salt water?

Answer 3

Normally a defined line where you can’t have more salt in body than water, however some crabs can survive

Question 4

How did animals first start to move inland?

Answer 4

Through rivers, adapted to fresh water

Question 5

How many animal orders are there in fresh water in the USA?

Answer 5

13

Question 6

What is strange about freshwater communities globally?

Answer 6

They are all very similar

Question 7

What are some adaptations for respiration?

Answer 7

Air breathing, plastron, pigments and tracheal gills

Question 8

What are some adaptions for coping with exploiting flow?

Answer 8

Streamlined shape, hydrofoils. Suckers. Modified gills, modified feeding appendages. Hooks. Silk

Question 9

Adaptations related to drought and food availability?

Answer 9

Life cycle traits, dormant stages diapause

Question 10

What adaptations do water crow foot have?

Answer 10

Streamlined leaves reduced flow resistance

Question 11

What can rudenculus do?

Answer 11

Shed leaves and regrow in spring and summer

Question 12

Which family shows the most adaptions?

Answer 12

Insects

Question 13

What do Caddisfly do to protect themselves?

Answer 13

Make cases which they hide in

Question 14

What blepharoceridae can do to to stay on rocks river flow?

Answer 14

They use suckers to cling to rocks

Question 15

Which insect has a flattened body to stop being washed away in rivers

Answer 15

Rhithrogena, mayfly larvae

Question 16

What is the boundary layer?

Answer 16

Area at the bottom of the river which sees little to no flow

Question 17

What does a simulacra have to catch food?

Answer 17

Filtering fans

Question 18

Which Caddisfly spins nets used for catching food?

Answer 18

Hyropsychidae

Question 19

What things lead to the persistence of survival?

Answer 19

Dispersal, contact, choice

Question 20

When do insects tend to do the most diurnal and nocturnal movements?

Answer 20

Different times for different species

Question 21

Why do mayfly fly upstream

Answer 21

To lay eggs

Question 22

Where do other species of mayfly lay eggs?

Answer 22

Beneath stones

Question 23

What is invertebrate drift?

Answer 23

The movement downstream of invertebrates either involuntarily or on purpose

Question 24

What is catastrophic drift?

Answer 24

Unfavourable conditions, did not drift on purpose

Question 25

What is behavioural drift?

Answer 25

Some sort of diurnal periodic involved

Question 26

What is constant drift?

Answer 26

Occurring all the time at low levels

Question 27

Why do organisms drift at night?

Answer 27

Avoid predation by fish

Question 28

How far do organisms travel in drift?

Answer 28

50-60m, low in winter

Question 29

How can we catch species drifting?

Answer 29

Big nets in rivers

Question 30

When do species drift the most?

Answer 30

About 11pm

Question 31

Where did evolution start first?

Answer 31

In the oceans

Question 32

What does pano conform mean?

Answer 32

To follow the level of salt in the water with there body

Question 33

How many fresh water species groups are entirety aquatic?

Answer 33

5

Question 34

What is a macrophytes?

Answer 34

Larger aquatic plants

Question 35

What is a main adaptation for insects?

Answer 35

Most type and shape

Question 36

How do Caddisfly make their case heavier?

Answer 36

Weighted stones or ballast

Question 37

In Rhithgena how does it cling on to rocks?

Answer 37

Suckers like gills on its front

Question 38

How do larger organisms get upstream?

Answer 38

Swim

Question 39

What can constraint drift be defined as?

Answer 39

A low level from of the other two drift mechanisms

Question 40

When is the peak of drift

Answer 40

Time of maximum darkness

Question 41

What happens when there is artificial light on a stream?

Answer 41

No daily pattern to drift

Question 42

Where is there a stronger pattern of drift?

Answer 42

In stream with predator fish

Question 43

What are the 4 advantages to drifting?

Answer 43

Colonisation downstream, when food is scarce, avaoid unfavourable conditions, avoid predation

Question 44

What are the 3 main dimensions of a rivers

Answer 44

Lateral. Longitudinal and verticals

Question 45

What other dimension or scale can impact rivers

Answer 45

Temporal

Question 46

What is the hyporheic zone?

Answer 46

The zone under and sounonding the river underground

Question 47

Where is the hyporheic zone most important?

Answer 47

In gravel rivers

Question 48

What is the name of the community that live in the hyporheic zone?

Answer 48

Hyporheos

Question 49

How deep can this hyporheic zone be?

Answer 49

1 Meyer below the surface of the ground

Question 50

Who developed theories on hyporeic zones in Montana?

Answer 50

Jack Stanford

Question 51

What organisms are found below 40cm of the river bed?

Answer 51

Meiofauna

Question 52

In terms of temperature, what is different than the normal river channel?

Answer 52

Temp is less variable

Question 53

Why is it dark in the hyporhous?

Answer 53

Light cannot penetrate the river bed

Question 54

Compared to the river above. How does the hyporheous compare oxygen wise?

Answer 54

5% of that at the surface

Question 55

Is CO2 higher or lower in the hyporheous?

Answer 55

Higher

Question 56

How much make acidic is the hyporheous?

Answer 56

1 pH more acidic

Question 57

What are the advantages to living in the hyporheous ?

Answer 57

Lack of predators, plentiful food, more steady environment, no floods