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Year 2 Ecological Systems > 14. Urban Issues > Flashcards

14. Urban Issues Flashcards

1
Q

where do most damage to water systems come from?

A

Our demands and uses for water, agriculutre, land

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2
Q

What are some common uses to fresh water

A

Public and private water supply, agriculture, hydropower, treatment and transport

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3
Q

Globally what is the most use of water

A

Agriculture

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4
Q

How much of the worlds water usage is in agricultre?

A

67%

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5
Q

What are the main habitation alteration subfactors?

A

Hydrology, Siltation, Alteration of riparian corridor

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6
Q

Which river animals are most vulnerable to human actvities?

A

Snails, mussels, crayfish

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7
Q

Why might we want to modify a channel?

A

Flood control, navigation, urbanisation, relocation

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8
Q

Why do a lot of large rivers modify for navigation?

A

To allow large rivers upstream

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9
Q

Why might we need to move the river

A

if we want to build something we need to move the building out of the way

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10
Q

When did modyfiing rivers start in china?

A

600bc

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11
Q

In denmark how many rivers are modified?

A

98%

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12
Q

Why might streams be modified in cities?

A

To manage rivers away from a city centre or to make room for other aspects

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13
Q

What happened with rivers in london?

A

A lot of rivers, hidden or moved, rivers in tanks

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14
Q

What is daylighting?

A

Opening up underground rivers

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of a natural channel

A

meandering, riffle pool system, erosion, deposition

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16
Q

In a natural channel where will the erosion take place?

A

ON the outside of the river channel

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17
Q

WHat are riffles

A

Area of fast flowing turbulent water

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18
Q

What happends when a river is modified

A

Normally straightened, rivers are shorter, now roffle pool structure, banks reinforced to stop erosion

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19
Q

What is lost in modified rivers?

A

Lost of heterogeneity in rivers, with loss of fish refuges

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20
Q

What happened to the river rhone?

A

Channel deepened and width reduced

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21
Q

What happens when we loose channel width?

A

Loss of wetlands and riparian edge habitats

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22
Q

By loosing its meanders what happened to the Willamette river?

A

Became a much more simple system, reducing total length and mass

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23
Q

why is riparian vegetation important in natural systems

A

shading and allothocranous carbon

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24
Q

Why does a man made channel see less CPOM?

A

Normally open, also less shading so more variable river channel, reduced fish cover

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25
What does a natural river normaly have?
Much more biodiversity within the river, unifrom flows, also no refuge from high flows
26
In natural rivers why is it better in summer?
Tend to be deeper allowing area for fish to swim
27
Why do natural rivers have more connection with the soils
Soil infiltration into the river, man made rivers may not allow this
28
Why do man made rivers have more focused entrance point?
Drains move water directly into the river, much more peaky flow
29
What happens with peak flows in man made rivers?
Higher and faster, lower base flows
30
What is water pollution?
A contaminant of river water that causes real or potential harm to human health or welbeing without justification
31
what is the most polluting pollution?
Urban waste waters, STW, combinedsewage overflows
32
WHat does this urban waste contain?
Organic material, plus soap, heavy metal and other pollutions
33
Why may raw untreated water go into the river system?
CSO's overflows
34
WHat are the main types of agricultural waste?
SLurry silage clamps, dairy washers
35
What are the main transport pollutants?
De icer runoff, roas waste and storm drain effluent
36
Why is light pollution important on rivers?
Drift of invertebrates, patters of aquatic insects
37
Which organic pollutants can act as susbtrate for micro organisms?
Proteins, carbohydrates, Fats
38
What is the biochemical oxygen demand?
Amount of oxygwn consumed by micro organisms in decomposing organic matter
39
How long does it take for water in the uk to get to the see
5 days
40
What is the standard test for BOD
oxygen consumed over a 5 day period
41
What are major cause of deaths with rivers,
cholera
42
WHo created the polluted waters diagram
noel hynes
43
What happends to the BOD as the river goes downstream?
Goes down
44
WHat happens to the oxygen in stage a after a pollution area
drops suddenly, then gradually increases
45
How much oxygen can sewage fungus siurvive on?
3-6g
46
When do the algae start to form?
Middle of stage 3, green filiments algae
47
What is a tubificadae?
Red worm
48
Why are fish less vulnerable to pollution?
Can move away from the poluution
49
Where do fish tend to appear
, chlodiophera
50
Why is sewage an age old problem
big expansion in population led to many diseases and sewerage system
51
when did the untreated pollution start going into the thames
1800
52
When was the great stink
1858
53
When was the last salmon caught in the thames
1833
54
What happened in london in 1965
sewers diverted under the city out to sea, still no fish
55
What is the main sewage plant in london?
Beckton sewage works, 3,4 million households everyday
56
When were salmon re introduced into the thames
1980's
57
how many returning salmon was there in 1993?
383
58
What is the major tideway tunnel project in london?
The lee tunnel
59
how many fish species does the thames support
125 fish and 400 invertebreates
60
Which group in the uk monitors rivers
the environment agency monitors all the main river sites
61
What does the eu say about monitoring freshwaters
all freshwaters have to be monitored
62
Which animals have been used most as an environmental monitor
macroinvertebrates
63
what is the common macroinvertebrates index?
Trent biotic index
64
How much water is evaporated from resivours?
3%
65
Which rare caddis lived only in a man made river near UOLoughborough,
Tinodes Pallidulus
66
What rivers run under spaghetti junction?
Tane
67
What is lost in an urban stream?
CPOM
68
What is the BOD of natural water systems?
<10mg/l
69
What is raw sewage BOD?
200-800mg
70
When will fishes move out of areas with low oxygen?)
When it’s less that 5mgl

Year 2 Ecological Systems (23 decks)

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