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Year 2 Ecological Systems > 14. Urban Issues > Flashcards

14. Urban Issues Flashcards

1
Q

where do most damage to water systems come from?

A

Our demands and uses for water, agriculutre, land

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2
Q

What are some common uses to fresh water

A

Public and private water supply, agriculture, hydropower, treatment and transport

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3
Q

Globally what is the most use of water

A

Agriculture

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4
Q

How much of the worlds water usage is in agricultre?

A

67%

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5
Q

What are the main habitation alteration subfactors?

A

Hydrology, Siltation, Alteration of riparian corridor

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6
Q

Which river animals are most vulnerable to human actvities?

A

Snails, mussels, crayfish

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7
Q

Why might we want to modify a channel?

A

Flood control, navigation, urbanisation, relocation

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8
Q

Why do a lot of large rivers modify for navigation?

A

To allow large rivers upstream

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9
Q

Why might we need to move the river

A

if we want to build something we need to move the building out of the way

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10
Q

When did modyfiing rivers start in china?

A

600bc

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11
Q

In denmark how many rivers are modified?

A

98%

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12
Q

Why might streams be modified in cities?

A

To manage rivers away from a city centre or to make room for other aspects

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13
Q

What happened with rivers in london?

A

A lot of rivers, hidden or moved, rivers in tanks

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14
Q

What is daylighting?

A

Opening up underground rivers

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of a natural channel

A

meandering, riffle pool system, erosion, deposition

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16
Q

In a natural channel where will the erosion take place?

A

ON the outside of the river channel

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17
Q

WHat are riffles

A

Area of fast flowing turbulent water

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18
Q

What happends when a river is modified

A

Normally straightened, rivers are shorter, now roffle pool structure, banks reinforced to stop erosion

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19
Q

What is lost in modified rivers?

A

Lost of heterogeneity in rivers, with loss of fish refuges

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20
Q

What happened to the river rhone?

A

Channel deepened and width reduced

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21
Q

What happens when we loose channel width?

A

Loss of wetlands and riparian edge habitats

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22
Q

By loosing its meanders what happened to the Willamette river?

A

Became a much more simple system, reducing total length and mass

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23
Q

why is riparian vegetation important in natural systems

A

shading and allothocranous carbon

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24
Q

Why does a man made channel see less CPOM?

A

Normally open, also less shading so more variable river channel, reduced fish cover

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25
Q

What does a natural river normaly have?

A

Much more biodiversity within the river, unifrom flows, also no refuge from high flows

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26
Q

In natural rivers why is it better in summer?

A

Tend to be deeper allowing area for fish to swim

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27
Q

Why do natural rivers have more connection with the soils

A

Soil infiltration into the river, man made rivers may not allow this

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28
Q

Why do man made rivers have more focused entrance point?

A

Drains move water directly into the river, much more peaky flow

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29
Q

What happens with peak flows in man made rivers?

A

Higher and faster, lower base flows

30
Q

What is water pollution?

A

A contaminant of river water that causes real or potential harm to human health or welbeing without justification

31
Q

what is the most polluting pollution?

A

Urban waste waters, STW, combinedsewage overflows

32
Q

WHat does this urban waste contain?

A

Organic material, plus soap, heavy metal and other pollutions

33
Q

Why may raw untreated water go into the river system?

A

CSO’s overflows

34
Q

WHat are the main types of agricultural waste?

A

SLurry silage clamps, dairy washers

35
Q

What are the main transport pollutants?

A

De icer runoff, roas waste and storm drain effluent

36
Q

Why is light pollution important on rivers?

A

Drift of invertebrates, patters of aquatic insects

37
Q

Which organic pollutants can act as susbtrate for micro organisms?

A

Proteins, carbohydrates, Fats

38
Q

What is the biochemical oxygen demand?

A

Amount of oxygwn consumed by micro organisms in decomposing organic matter

39
Q

How long does it take for water in the uk to get to the see

A

5 days

40
Q

What is the standard test for BOD

A

oxygen consumed over a 5 day period

41
Q

What are major cause of deaths with rivers,

A

cholera

42
Q

WHo created the polluted waters diagram

A

noel hynes

43
Q

What happends to the BOD as the river goes downstream?

A

Goes down

44
Q

WHat happens to the oxygen in stage a after a pollution area

A

drops suddenly, then gradually increases

45
Q

How much oxygen can sewage fungus siurvive on?

A

3-6g

46
Q

When do the algae start to form?

A

Middle of stage 3, green filiments algae

47
Q

What is a tubificadae?

A

Red worm

48
Q

Why are fish less vulnerable to pollution?

A

Can move away from the poluution

49
Q

Where do fish tend to appear

A

, chlodiophera

50
Q

Why is sewage an age old problem

A

big expansion in population led to many diseases and sewerage system

51
Q

when did the untreated pollution start going into the thames

A

1800

52
Q

When was the great stink

A

1858

53
Q

When was the last salmon caught in the thames

A

1833

54
Q

What happened in london in 1965

A

sewers diverted under the city out to sea, still no fish

55
Q

What is the main sewage plant in london?

A

Beckton sewage works, 3,4 million households everyday

56
Q

When were salmon re introduced into the thames

A

1980’s

57
Q

how many returning salmon was there in 1993?

A

383

58
Q

What is the major tideway tunnel project in london?

A

The lee tunnel

59
Q

how many fish species does the thames support

A

125 fish and 400 invertebreates

60
Q

Which group in the uk monitors rivers

A

the environment agency monitors all the main river sites

61
Q

What does the eu say about monitoring freshwaters

A

all freshwaters have to be monitored

62
Q

Which animals have been used most as an environmental monitor

A

macroinvertebrates

63
Q

what is the common macroinvertebrates index?

A

Trent biotic index

64
Q

How much water is evaporated from resivours?

A

3%

65
Q

Which rare caddis lived only in a man made river near UOLoughborough,

A

Tinodes Pallidulus

66
Q

What rivers run under spaghetti junction?

A

Tane

67
Q

What is lost in an urban stream?

A

CPOM

68
Q

What is the BOD of natural water systems?

A

<10mg/l

69
Q

What is raw sewage BOD?

A

200-800mg

70
Q

When will fishes move out of areas with low oxygen?)

A

When it’s less that 5mgl

Year 2 Ecological Systems (23 decks)

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