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Year 2 Ecological Systems > 16. Acidification Of Freshwater > Flashcards

16. Acidification Of Freshwater Flashcards

1
Q

What is the normal pH of rainwater?

A

5.6

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2
Q

What causes anthropogenic acidification?

A

The burning of fossil fuels and wet and dry deposition of acid

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3
Q

What combines to form the weak rain water acid?

A

Carbon and h2O, carbonic acid

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4
Q

When are we describing acid rain?

A

Where pH is less than 5.6

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5
Q

What is the average rainfall of US and Central Europe?

A

pH between 4 and 5

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6
Q

What are the main generators of acids rain?

A

Coal burning, planes, cars

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7
Q

What comes from industrial pollution?

A

SO2 and H2S, makes sulphuric acid

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8
Q

What pollution comes from cars?

A

NOx from car exhausts, forms nitiric acid

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9
Q

What effect does land have on acudification?

A

Land use can enhance acid rain eg deforestation

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10
Q

What do trees pump out?

A

Hydrogen ions to take in the ironing exchange

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11
Q

What is dry deposition?

A

Trees absorb gases into vegetation

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12
Q

What is wet deposition?

A

Rainfall of acid,

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13
Q

How can wet deposition be buffered?

A

By limestone

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14
Q

Where do we get accumilation of acids

A

Where we have hard surface rocks, eg granite

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15
Q

When do we get sensitive soils

A

Where the area lacks limestone

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16
Q

What is surface acid pollution exceserbated by?

A

Land use

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17
Q

What do added trees do to rivers?

A

Increase acidity, leaf litter

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18
Q

What is the problem with farmers making ditches for tree runoff?

A

Increases runoff speed, flashy systems

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19
Q

What nutrients do trees take up?

A

Ca2 that ones needed to buffer the soils

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20
Q

As places become more acidic what comes into solution?

A

Metals, more common

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21
Q

What do the metals do in the water?

A

Sucks up all of the nutrients

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22
Q

What are the main fish we associate with acidification in the uk

A

Brown trout and Atlantic salmon

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23
Q

When does pH start becoming harmful to fish

A

When it’s less than 5, can damage eggs and fry

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24
Q

Why does acidification damage fish?

A

Impacts the gills, active transport less productive, loss of sodium ions

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25
Q

What happens to fish numbers and acidification?

A

Fish numbers rapidly decline

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26
Q

What invertebrates do well in acid streams?

A

Careless Caddisfly

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27
Q

What is the general trend in macro-invertebrates

A

Loss of diversity

28
Q

What level of acid can a fresh water shrimp tolerate?

A

Not below 7pH

29
Q

Why are crustations hevaily effected by acid?

A

Body tissue is rich in calcium

30
Q

What are the most tolerant invertebrates?

A

Stone flies, can tolerate down to 4pH

31
Q

What are aquatic fungi called in fresh waters?

A

Hyphomycetes

32
Q

What do Hyphomycetes do in rivers?

A

Decomposes detritus

33
Q

Why are algae good for analysing streams?

A

Each specific algae lives in a preferred condition meaning we can use them to see past events

34
Q

What happens when we loose fish in streams?

A

Large invertebrates become dominant, algae is depleted

35
Q

What are the majority life forms in an acid stream?

A

Diatoms and cocci is greens

36
Q

What dominates invertebrates in a neutral stream?

A

Grazers

37
Q

What dominates a stream in a acid environment?

A

Shredders

38
Q

What is it called when water quality changes to be better but communities stay the same?

A

Inertia

39
Q

What can be added to streams to turn it back to the acid levels previously?

A

Liming

40
Q

What is secenario a to why streams might not recover?

A

Colonists adobe but do not persists, innaproiate habitat, chemical restrictions, recsouce limitation, competition

41
Q

What is scenario b

A

Colonists not arriving at sufficient rate, geographic isolation of recovering sites, limited dispersal abilities

42
Q

What is the main acid in wet acid deposition?

A

H2SO4, HNO3, dissolved mostly into rain and snow

43
Q

What damage can acid rain have?

A

Can effect structure made of limestone and other easily erodible structures

44
Q

What makes a soil sensitive?

A

Lack of buffering rocks such as limestone

45
Q

Name an area with extremely sensitive soils?

A

Scandinavia

46
Q

What happens when ionic change in the soil where soils are poor in calcium and magnesium

A

The release of aluminium

47
Q

What characterises why areas in Scandinavia have pool acid buffering?

A

Granitic, thin and patchy soils and very soft waters

48
Q

How do we quantify acidification?

A

Pre acidification alkalinity- present day alkalinity

49
Q

What is the pH limit for crayfish?

A

6.8

50
Q

How much of the cray fish pinail population will be lost by 2060?

A

20%

51
Q

What is the main acid in wet acid deposition?

A

H2SO4, HNO3, dissolved mostly into rain and snow

52
Q

What damage can acid rain have?

A

Can effect structure made of limestone and other easily erodible structures

53
Q

What makes a soil sensitive?

A

Lack of buffering rocks such as limestone

54
Q

Name an area with extremely sensitive soils?

A

Scandinavia

55
Q

What happens when ionic change in the soil where soils are poor in calcium and magnesium

A

The release of aluminium

56
Q

What other fresh water animals is effected by a lack of calcium?

A

Snail, Gastropoda

57
Q

How many tail do stone fly’s have?

A

2

58
Q

How can we identify the microbial fungal in streams?

A

In the bubbles

59
Q

What changes the likelihood of a specific auto trophic community?

A

pH

60
Q

What is the cell wall of a diatom

A

Silica/glass

61
Q

What diatom is only found in acid streams?

A

Eunotia

62
Q

Where can acid come from geologically?

A

The rocks in the river

63
Q

What happens in acid stream with algal quantity?

A

It increases due to lack of invertebrates feeding from it

64
Q

Why is acidification a problem for calcium fixing speices

A

increase in co2 leads to diminution of carbonate ions leading to less calcium for species

65
Q

What is the problem if a calcium fixing animals cannot find enough calcium

A

not enough calcium for molting, shell becomes weak and does not protect them

66
Q

Where do cray fish store potential calcium

A

gastroliths

67
Q

What service do cray fish supply to the river

A

water cleaning by feeding on dead material

Year 2 Ecological Systems (23 decks)

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