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Year 2 Ecological Systems > 2. Factors Limiting distributions > Flashcards

2. Factors Limiting distributions Flashcards

1
Q

The burrowing Bettong was predates by which Alien predator?

A

Red fox

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2
Q

What areas have to Bettong been forced to?

A

Small remote islands in the east of Australia

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3
Q

After foxes were removed what happened to the wallaby distribution?

A

Sky rocketed, no predation

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4
Q

Name a specialist predator?

A

The Canadian lynx

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5
Q

What does the Canadian Lynx eat?

A

Snowshoe hare, they are interlinked in tight 9-10 year cycles

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6
Q

What wiped out the endemic bird species from Hawaii?

A

Avian malaria

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7
Q

How did Hawaiian birds survive?

A

Moved to higher altitudes away from the parasite

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8
Q

How can resource competition limit the distribution of species?

A

The negative interaction between two organisms of the same or different species

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9
Q

What is interference competition?

A

Organisms seeking a resource harm one another in the process even if the resource is not in short supply

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10
Q

What is checkerboard distribution?

A

Species not found together but near by such as fruit pigeons in new guinea

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11
Q

Prey rarely limit the distribution of predators, what about predators

A

Predators can limit the distribution of prey

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12
Q

What are the master limiting factors?

A

Temperature moisture and light

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13
Q

Where are temperature ranges smallest?

A

Low latitudes and over oceans

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14
Q

What is a desert plant limited by?

A

Moisture

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15
Q

What are wet climates limited by?

A

Temperature

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16
Q

What two things can organisms to avoid predation?

A

Tolerate and escape

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17
Q

What is an ecotype?

A

A group of organisms within a species that is adapted to different environmental conditions

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18
Q

How do sizes in yarrow change with altitude?

A

They get smaller in height

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19
Q

What are the 3 photosynthetic strategies of plants?

A

C3 pathway, C4 pathway, Crassulacean acid metabolism

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20
Q

Does C3 survive better in cold or warm climates?

A

Cold, they are more hardy

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21
Q

Which plants use CAM?

A

Desert succulents

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22
Q

What is true predation?

A

Predators kill their prey

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23
Q

What is herbivory?

A

Herbivores eat plants but usually don’t kill them

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24
Q

What is parasitism?

A

Parasites live on or outside other organisms again not usually killing them

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25
Q

What scales is habitat selection important to?

A

Local scales

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26
Q

What do enimies result in

A

Predation, disease and competition

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27
Q

What is the main difference between true predation and hervivoury

A

Herbovoury does not kill all of the individual and can be eated again in the future

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28
Q

What are the most common examples of predators affecting distributions

A

Skilled predators vs naive prey

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29
Q

What is the main form of fox management

A

Hunting and eradication

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30
Q

Why are foxes effective at wiping out species and still surviving

A

They have a broad diet range which means they can move from

Food to food

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31
Q

Without interaction how do foxes also limit Wallaby growth

A

Wallabies are scared to move far from their homes and so limit distribution

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32
Q

What is the disadvantage with specialist predators

A

Limited to one rescource so population follows the trend of the prey

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33
Q

What disease to Hawaii birds face

A

Avian pox,

Avian malaria, plasmodium

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34
Q

What drove the second wave of extinction in Hawaii

A

Disease

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35
Q

What is a vector

A

Something that transmits something else

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36
Q

Where or mosquitos normally found

A

Low lying areas

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37
Q

What can present day distributions be seen as

A

Ghosts of disturbances pasts

38
Q

What is the difference between inter and intra specific

A

Inter is between species and intra is within

39
Q

What does the distribution of fruit pigeons in the Bismarck archipelago suggest

A

That certain species cannot live together

40
Q

Which two invertebrates were in competition in American streams

A

The black fly and the net wing midge

41
Q

What were the correlations of simulium and blepharicera

A

Negative,

Competing for space

42
Q

On its own how much of its time was spent feeding ( blephicerid)

A

92%, 74 with simulid

43
Q

What is the simulid doing to the net wing

A

Badgering it and harassing it

44
Q

When the simulium was present how much less diatoms did the net wing feed on

A

27%

45
Q

What is the limiting rescource with the blephicerids and simulium

A

Space

46
Q

What are the master limiting values

A

Temperature moisture and light

47
Q

How much of rainfall returns to the ocean as runoff

A

30%

48
Q

What is the limiting rescource in the Sonoran desert

A

Water

49
Q

In the great smokey smokey mountain in Tennessee why is evapoatranpiration limited

A

Not enough heat, plenty of water

50
Q

In the great smokey mountain park what is the difference between potential et and et

A

Nothing they are the same

51
Q

What are the two main factors a species can do when limiting factors occur

A

Tolerate or escape

52
Q

How do animals maintain body temperature

A

Fuel it with food

53
Q

What are passerine birds

A

Distributions correlate to minimum minter temperature

54
Q

How can temperature effect distribution

A

Some birds and conforms to isotherm lines in terms do they can survive

55
Q

Where does chthamalus live on shore

A

High on shore weak competitor

56
Q

Where does balanus live on shore

A

Low down, good competitor

57
Q

What is the weakness with balanus

A

Sensitive to desiccation

58
Q

How can species effect their distribution

A

Local adaptation

59
Q

What is an eco type

A

Group of organisms within a species that are adapted differently

60
Q

Why might plants be small or changed

A

Stress or adaptation,

How do we tell

61
Q

How does a common grader experiment work

A

If the seeds grow to he same as before then genetic if not stress

62
Q

What is the importance with light

A

Cue for daily and seasonal rhythms with plants

63
Q

What are the 3 pathways for plant photosynthetic pathways

A

C3,C4 and CAM

64
Q

What is the ancestral pathway

A

C3, 3 carbons produced when ribulose diphosphate is combined with co2

65
Q

What is c3 constrained by

A

Light, can only use a certain amount of light

66
Q

What are c4 plants

A

Grasses and sedges, use phospho emolpyruvate to make energy

67
Q

Where are c4 plant not found

A

Places with poor light

68
Q

In Florida what percentage of plants are c4

A

80%, o% in Canada

69
Q

What are Crassulacean acid metabolism plants o

A

CAM, deserts succulents, minimise water loss, only open stomata at night

70
Q

What limited the distribution of the small mussel (mytilus edulis) in lough Ine

A

Small crabs, could eat only the small mussels, but other crabs could eat all of them, meaning where the small crab was located there was a decline in small mytilus

71
Q

Where will prey animals survive

A

if they are transplanted to a location where they are protected from predators

72
Q

What is the correlation between prey organisms and predators

A

inverse

73
Q

What will happen when two species compete for one rescource

A

one will always be better, in the long run one species will loose out and the other will win

74
Q

How is drought resistance acheived in plants

A

imporvement of uptake, reduction of water loss, storage of water

75
Q

How did hocker predict the range of a tree using climatic data

A

average temp, average temp range, number of measurable rainfall days, number of rain days over 13mm, average rainfall, average length of frost free period, all over 1 month

76
Q

What is the limit in vegetation as you go up a mountain

A

tree line

77
Q

What are the 9 factors that effect tree lines

A

lack of soil, desiccation of leaves, short growing season, lack of snow, excessive snow, mechanical wind, excessive soil temp and drought

78
Q

What are the 3 primary variables of the tree line

A

temperature, moisture and wind

79
Q

How much does a timber line decrease in altitude for every degree north/south of the equator

A

75meters, except between 20-30 where it stays the same

80
Q

What is the upper limit to shore set by in terms of shore life

A

desiccation

81
Q

What range must we consider when looking at species distribution

A

scale, from continental to colony

82
Q

Where does rapoport suggest that range sizes are smallest

A

at low lattitudes, rapoports rule

83
Q

What are the common size of ranges reletive to other sizes in the species

A

small, more frequent small ranges than large ranges

84
Q

What are the 3 explanations to rapoports rule

A

climatic variability is greatest at higher laitudes, previous glaciation meaning only species with high dispersal could populate the areas and lack of competition in polar communities

85
Q

What is the relationship between distribution and abundence

A

species with larger distribution tend to be more abundent

86
Q

What is Hanskis rule

A

abundance increases with distribution

87
Q

what is the sampling model variation of hanskis rule

A

rare species are hard to find meaning they lack in abundence and occupy a small area

88
Q

What is the ecological specialisation model with hanskis rule (brown)

A

abundent species are generalists and rare species are specialists

89
Q

what happens in the decline in species abundence

A

normally the range decreases in size

90
Q

Logically what would be more abundent, small or large species

A

small

Year 2 Ecological Systems (23 decks)

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