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Year 2 Ecological Systems > 16. Deforestation, Aforestation and agricultre > Flashcards

16. Deforestation, Aforestation and agricultre Flashcards

1
Q

What is the world cover for trees?

A

30%

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2
Q

What is the forest cover in the UK

A

13%

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3
Q

Why are trees important for ecology?

A

important for rich life and stream nutrients

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4
Q

What is CWD

A

Coarse woody debris

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5
Q

What is LWD

A

Large woody debris

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6
Q

What impacts do fallen trees have on a stream

A

protects bank erosion, gravel traps, refuge, habitat, temperature stabilisation, shading, fish spawning

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7
Q

What is Obligate WD

A

Only found on wood in streams

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8
Q

WHat us Facultative

A

Found on other substrates as well as WD

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9
Q

What is the problem with too much logs in the stream system?

A

Log jams, but not too much of a barrier

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10
Q

What is the best gravels for salmonids

A

open gravels

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11
Q

Which is the worst fines to have in the river?

A

<0.84mm

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12
Q

What was the main cause of straighenting on the willamtte river?

A

river logging

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13
Q

What happens due to increased timber harvesting

A

added light pollution on streams, nutrient leached from soils, greater development of phytobenthos, algae, greater densities of invertebrates

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14
Q

What do sediments to the gravels in the streams

A

reduce permeability of the gravel, reduces salmon survival rate

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15
Q

What animals might favour the introduction of sediment?

A

some worms fly larvae

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16
Q

What is slash

A

woody debris that provides habitat

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17
Q

How far from the bank is the most profitable trees from the bank

A

30m

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18
Q

What is a method to manage tree loss

A

leaving a 30 meter buffer zone

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19
Q

What is afforestation

A

planting forests

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20
Q

Why is forests normally planted

A

for commercial use

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21
Q

what are common species for afforestation

A

sitka spruce

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22
Q

What percentage of the uk forest cover is commercial

A

12.9%

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23
Q

What is the first stage for aforestation

A

ground preparation, building roads, making areas for growing, felling of other trees

24
Q

What are the issues with ground preparation

A

come back tp this

25
Q

What is the second stage of comercial AF

A

Closure of canopy,

26
Q

What is the problem with the second stage of AF

A

interception of wet and dry deposition, exclusion of light, reduced summer temperatures raised winter temperatures, reduced primary productivity

27
Q

What is the 3rd stage of AF

A

Felling and logging

28
Q

What can people do to stop acidification to streams?

A

Avoid planting conifers

29
Q

What is the main mining near rivers

A

gold and silver mining north america, coal mining and quarrying

30
Q

What happens with the channles during mining

A

movig the channel away from the mine, sediments enter the stream

31
Q

What minerals are common in tailings

A

zinc see slide

32
Q

What are the major mining impacts

A

heavy metals, chlorides, ferric hydroxide, fine sediments, smothers stream bed

33
Q

What ancient woodland do we have in the uk?

A

2.3%

34
Q

what happens mostly during deforestation

A

all trees gone, clear felling

35
Q

what is yarding?

A

Dragging poles to the centre of the felling site

36
Q

what does yarding create

A

sediments washed into rivers, ground disturbance, water runoff

37
Q

what temperature reigmes can we expect with less trees?

A

Colder in winter, warmer in summer

38
Q

What happens to the colour of the water after felling?

A

Increased turbidity

39
Q

What happens to slash in water?

A

decays and uses up oxygen

40
Q

What is the relationship between salmon and large woody debris?

A

The more debris the more salmon

41
Q

Where does the main source of the LWD come from

A

Within 30m of rivers on either side

42
Q

What does a 30m buffer zone prevent?

A

Slash debris, unwanted sediments

43
Q

which country protects own forest and imports wood?

A

Japan

44
Q

What is pressed disturbance

A

long and happens over time

45
Q

What mining process is the main release of chlorides

A

coal

46
Q

What is a settling pond

A

Area to store tailings after mining use

47
Q

What are gravels important for?

A

Fish spawning areas, insects

48
Q

What happens when we allow light into a system

A

Added nutrients, greater amounts of invertebrates, can be deadly though as unbalanced river

49
Q

Where there is an increase in algae biomass what do we see with fish?

A

Increase of fry

50
Q

What happens to stream flows if we remove forest cover?

A

More extreme flies, evapotranspiraton

51
Q

What does warm water lead to

A

Less oxygen

52
Q

When does permeability become lost?

A

When fines equal 15-20%

53
Q

What chemical impact can stage 1 afforestation be?

A

Nutrient leaching, herbicides

54
Q

What is ferric hydroxides?

A

Produced by iron mining?

55
Q

How can material be seperated out after mining

A

Settling ponds

Year 2 Ecological Systems (23 decks)

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